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Tuesday, April 28, 2026

Top Ten Discoveries Related to Ezra and Nehemiah

BIBLE ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT: Top Ten Discoveries Related to Ezra and Nehemiah (Bryan Windle). HT Todd Bolen at the Bible Places Blog.
The books of Ezra and Nehemiah record the return of the Jewish exiles to Jerusalem in the Persian era, focusing on the rebuilding of the temple and the city walls, as well as the spiritual reforms they initiated. In the Hebrew Bible (the Old Testament in Christian Bibles), Ezra and Nehemiah form a single book. Not everyone agrees that these accounts are historically reliable. Lester L. Grabbe, for example, calls them a “ripping yarn” and claims that they “do not inspire confidence that we have genuine historical data.”1 On the other hand, archaeology has demonstrated that numerous people, places, and events within the books are historically accurate. Here are the top ten archaeological discoveries related to Ezra and Nehemiah, which help demonstrate the historicity of these biblical books.
The discoveries are informative, whatever they demonstrate.

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What do women contribute to making babies?

DR. SHANA STRAUCH-SCHICK: What Do Women Contribute to a Baby’s Conception? (TheTorah.com).
Seed, blood, or nothing? This debate among the Greeks about the role of women in the development of a fetus influenced the way Second Temple and Rabbinic interpreters understood the meaning of the biblical verse "If a woman emits seed" (Leviticus 12:2).

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Another "ancient" Hebrew manuscript in Turkey

APPREHENDED BUT FAKE: Turkey seizes rare ancient Hebrew manuscript in major antiquities smuggling crackdown (All Israel News).
The Turkish media portal Türkiye Today published a report on Monday about the ongoing efforts to combat the illegal trade in antiquities that are often looted from legitimate archaeological digs throughout the region.

The report included details about an archaeological artifact recently seized by police, along with other contraband that smugglers were attempting to sell on the black market. The item is a two-meter manuscript inscribed on python skin with gold Hebrew script, which is of particular interest to the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). It had been rolled up and stored inside a copper case with an “ornate, embossed lid,” according to the report.

[...]

Granted, the parchment medium for this manuscript is creative, but is the IAA really interested in it? I doubt it.

YNet News has also covered the story, with a marginally better copy of the very bad photo:

Hebrew text in gold on python skin seized in Turkey black-market antiquities probe. Authorities in Gaziantep say they seized a two-meter python-skin manuscript inscribed with Hebrew letters in gold and detained a foreign national suspected of illegal excavations and trying to sell the rare artifact on the black market (Yogev Israeli).

The item is consistent with the types of finds usually uncovered by antiquities traffickers operating across the region. Illegal excavations at archaeological sites remain an ongoing problem that Turkish authorities are trying to combat.
This scroll is indeed consistent with some finds seized from antiquities traffickers in the region. My assessment is that, like many of them, it is clearly a fake.

By expanding the bad photo you can get a blurry look at the the text on the scroll. It consists of a continuous string of Hebrew letters with no clear word divisions and no words, at least that I can make out. As the headline notes, the letters and images are gold, which is a hallmark of recent fakes.

I am not a specialist in ancient iconography, but the images don't look ancient to me either. Compare, for example, the hexagram design to the hexagram in another Turkish fake noted here (second link). The article noted here has a photo with a very similar hexagram design and a griffin underneath it holding a menorah. The griffin design in the current (python parchment) manuscript on the right side has a nearly identical griffin that appears to be next to an (only partly visible) large menorah image.

All that said, as always, I commend the Turkish police for going hard on antiquities smuggling.

There are many legitimate ancient epigraphic and other archaeological discoveries coming out of Turkey. I cover them all the time. But many dodgy "ancient" Hebrew, Aramaic, and Syriac manuscripts also turn up, generally recovered by the police from smugglers. This looks to me to be one of the latter. I tend to ignore them, but I do note one occasionally. For lots more of them see here and the relevant link.

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Monday, April 27, 2026

Niehoff, Philo of Alexandria: Every Good Man is Free (Brill)

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:
Philo of Alexandria: Every Good Man is Free

Introduction, Translation, and Commentary

Series:
Philo of Alexandria Commentary Series, Volume: 9

Author: Maren R. Niehoff

Philo’s treatise on freedom is the first extant exposition of the topic, which became neuralgic in the first century CE. Philosophical, historical, literary and exegetical aspects are explored. The Essenes are presented as an exemplary group of free individuals, who reject slavery and study Torah on the Sabbath. In this first commentary on the treatise, Philo’s thought is explained in the context of the circumstances in which it was written, namely in the aftermath of the Alexandrian pogrom in 38 CE, when he served as the head of the Jewish embassy in Rome. The main contemporary figures are introduced and Philo’s role in the debates of first century Rome is highlighted. Special attention is paid to Cynic philosophy, which prized individual freedom and saw a revival in Rome that is otherwise attested only fragmentarily. Philo’s treatise emerges as a precious source, which illuminates subsequent advocates of freedom, such as Paul and Epictetus.

Copyright Year: 2026

E-Book (PDF)
Availability: Not Yet Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-68930-5
Publication: 18 Mar 2026
EUR €250.00

Hardback
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-68929-9
Publication: 01 Apr 2026
EUR €250.00

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Sunday, April 26, 2026

Meshel, Two Models of Biblical Purity (OUP open access)

NEW BOOK FROM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS:
Two Models of Biblical Purity

The Science of Ritual

Naphtali S. Meshel

The Bible and the Humanities

Open Access

£104.00
Hardback

Published: 24 March 2026
288 Pages
234x156mm
ISBN: 9780198883326

Also Available As:
E-book

Description

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read on Oxford Academic and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.

Two Models of Biblical Purity: The Science of Ritual investigates the ancient Israelite and early Jewish purity systems, proposing a framework that distinguishes between two conceptual approaches to ritual pollution: the qualitative and quantitative models. In the qualitative model, forms of pollution differ fundamentally in type, like distinct illnesses with unique symptoms and treatments. The quantitative model, on the other hand, views pollution as varying in intensity or degree, similar to temperature, where different sources simply make one "more" or "less" impure. The book argues that the Hebrew Bible primarily reflects a qualitative model, where impurities are categorized by type rather than severity. Through careful philological analysis, the study develops "litmus tests" to detect these models within biblical and late Second Temple texts, showing a gradual shift toward quantitative thought in later Jewish sources. Each chapter applies these methods to pivotal texts, including the Priestly literature, the Temple Scroll, and other late Second Temple and rabbinic writings, revealing the complex evolution of purity laws. This approach provides insights into the inner logic and diachronic development of ritual systems, offering a foundational perspective for comparative studies across diverse ritual traditions. Finally, it examines the historical contexts that may have instigated the shift and considers the advantages of the "fundamental science" approach to the study of biblical purity.

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