Syriac Apocryphal Acts

THE APOCRYPHYCITY BLOG: Apocryphal Acts in Syriac Manuscripts (Tony Burke). This post is a "detour" on the way to Professor Burke's promised follow-up post to last year's post on The “Egyptian” Collection of Apocryphal Acts.

Cross-file under New Testament Apocrypha Watch and Syriac Watch.

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Josephus in Ethiopic

ROGER PEARSE: Josephus in Ethiopian – a dissertation. HT Rogue Classicism.

I didn't know that there was an Ethiopic translation of Josephus (well, of Sefer Jossipon/Sefer Yossipon). But there is.

For more on (Pseudo-)Hegesippus, a Latin translation (sort of) of some the work of Josephus, see here.

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Too much flouride at Palmyra and Herculaneum?

ROMAN TIMES: Fluorosis a problem in ancient Palmyra and Herculaneum (Mary Harrsch). It seems that too much flouride can damage your teeth and your bones. Who knew? And sometimes ground water can have too much flouride.

For many other posts on the ancient cities of Palmyra and Herculaneum, follow the links.

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Excavating in the plague year: Hazor

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: New Horizons at Hazor. Four questions for Shlomit Bechar & Amnon Ben-Tor (Michele Barasso). Once again, 2020's main excavation was suspended, but they did conduct "a short trial excavation near the site."

When they start excavating again, I hope they finally find Hazor's cuneiform royal archives that they have been looking for since 1990. For more on Hazor and its excavation, follow the links from there and cf. also here and here.

I have also noted the BHD interviews with the excavators of Abel Beth Maacah, ‘Auja el-Foqa, and Tel Burna.

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Layered theatre and death depository at Hippos-Sussita

ARCHAEOLOGY: Excavating Hippos and the Last Roman Theater in the World. The only Roman city-state on the eastern side of the Sea of Galilee, Hippos has been revealing its treasures in recent decades, including a recently identified Roman theater. But many mysteries still remain unanswered about this magnificent site (Ruth Schuster, Haaretz).

Everything you wanted to know about the site of Hippos-Sussita, from its pre-Maccabean founding to its downfall by earthquake in 363 CE to its decline and its end by another earthquake in 749.

For PaleoJudaica posts on Hippos-Sussita and the many remarkable discoveries there, start here and follow the links. For its Roman Theatre, see here and for that Pan mask, see here.

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Zoom celebration of Schiffman Festschrift

H-JUDAIC: EVENT: Presentation of Lawrence Schiffman Festschrift.

A Celebration of Professor Lawrence H. Schiffman on the Occasion of the Publication of From Scrolls to Traditions (Brill, 2021), A Festschrift Prepared by his Students

A Zoom meeting

When: Jun 3, 2021 01:00 PM Eastern Time (US and Canada)

Registration information is at the link. I noted the publication of the book here. Once again, Larry, congratulations!

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Orpah - defamed mother of giants?

DR. BARRY DOV WALFISH: The Defamation of Orpah (TheTorah.com).

Chesed, lovingkindness, is a major theme in the book of Ruth. And yet, the rabbis have little sympathy for Orpah. To the contrary!

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Excavating in the plague year: Tel Burna

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Publication Push at Tel Burna. 4 Questions for the Dig Directors of Tel Burna (Megan Sauter). In this case they did not excavate in 2020. But they aim to in 2021.

I have also noted the BHD interviews with the excavators of Abel Beth Maacah and ‘Auja el-Foqa.

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New JSIJ articles

JEWISH STUDIES AN INTERNET JOURNAL 20 (2021) has published several new articles of interest. There are English abstracts, but the articles are in Hebrew.

Yosef Marcus, “The High Priest’s Sanctification of Hands and Feet for the Yom Kippur Ritual: Between Palestinian and Babylonian Traditions of the Mishnah”

This article discusses the multiple sanctifications of hands and feet throughout the Yom Kippur ritual as detailed in Talmudic traditions. The ritual performed by the High Priest was comprised of five parts, each one requiring a changing of clothing, and demarcated by the ritual washing of hands and feet, both before and after. A close examination of the variants in Mishnah manuscripts shows a significant difference between the Palestinian text and the Mishnah cited by Babylonian Amoraim. The primary distinction discussed is whether the High Priest was required to wash his hands and feet after removing his simple clothing at the beginning of the Yom Kippur ritual. The article concludes that the Babylonian variant taken up by early Palestinian liturgical poets, which omits this initial immersion, is the early and authentic reading, which, in fact, originated in Palestine.

Harry S. Paris, “Taxonomic Identity of the Edible Cucurbits of the Mishna, Tosefta, and Talmud”

The Cucurbitaceae have provided food for people for thousands of years. Two of them, the qishu’im and the avattiẖim (Numbers 11:5), were familiar crops in ancient Egypt. These two, as well as the delu‘in and the melafefonot, were referred to in the Mishnah. All four, as well as the qirmulim, were referred to in the Tosefta and Palestinian Talmud. A sixth edible cucurbit, the boẕin, was alluded to in the Babylonian Talmud. The young fruits of the qishu’im, delu‘in, qirmulim, and boẕin, and the ripe fruits of the avattiẖim and melafefonot, were consumed. The qishu’im are identified as Cucumis melo L. Flexuosus Group (snake melons, faqqous) and Adzhur Group (adzhur melons, ‘ajjour). These were the most widely grown and appreciated of the cucurbit crops from biblical through talmudic times. The avattiẖim are watermelons, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai. The delu‘in are bottle gourds, Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl., and the melafefonot slightly sweet melons, Cucumis melo Adana Group. The qirmulim are identified as sponge gourds, Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. and the boẕin are cucumbers, Cucumis sativus L. This rabbinic literature contains the first account of sweet watermelons, the first evidence for the arrival of sponge gourds in the Middle East, and early evidence of the arrival of cucumbers in Mesopotamia.

Adiel Schremer and Binyamin Katzoff, “On the Difficulties in Editing the Tosefta: The Fine Line Between Text, Interpretation and the Transformations of Tradition”

This paper addresses fundamental questions pertaining to the editing of classical rabbinic texts, particularly: How should the critical editor of a Talmudic text present this text where the textual evidence leads in one direction, while the context leads in another direction? This paper argues that the editor’s preference for a specific reading might be influenced not just by the existence of alternative interpretative possibilities, but by the editor’s views about the text’s development. This claim is illustrated through a careful analysis of one passage in Tosefta Avodah Zarah, in which different aspects of the text, its interpretation, and development, are interwoven and contribute to its final formation.

Avishalom Westreich, “"'Ox' Covers All Kinds of Damage Done by Ox" (BT Bava Kamma 3b)? On Mishnah Bava Kamma, Its Redaction and Versions, and Their Relation to the Concepts of Tort Law”

This article seeks to uncover the intimate and bidirectional connections between the literary structure of M. Bava Kamma and the versions and legal conceptions on which it is based. It focuses on the monetary damages unit in the first six chapters of the tractate, in general, and, specifically, on one of the unit's central axes: the “Pit” mishnayot in chapter five. The article examines the sources of the Mishnah in the earlier tannaitic literature, and analyzes its literary redaction. My analysis demonstrates the presence of the thread that runs between the legal assumptions that pertain to the definition of the archetypes of damage (arba’ah avot nezikin) and the redaction of the first six chapters of the tractate. At the same time, I show that the tension between these conceptions, along with the redactor's impartiality, led to the splitting of the textual traditions of the “Pit” mishnayot in the fifth chapter into Babylonian and Land of Israel traditions, leaving their mark on the extant textual witnesses.

This article details the disputatious approaches of the schools of R. Ishmael and R. Akiva as the possible source of tannaitic traditions incorporated in the monetary damages unit of the tractate. Traces of these conceptions are also found in the disagreement between the Amoraim Rav and Samuel on the categories of damages in the Mishnah. I argue that this tension is the driving force behind the textual variations in those “Pit” mishnayot between the Babylonian and Palestinian traditions. The division, I argue, preceded the amoraic traditions, and reflects the lack of decision on the part of the redactor of the Mishnah.

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Sinai and the deadly intertext?

PROF. RABBI HERBERT BASSER: If You Don't Accept the Torah, Mount Sinai Will Be Your Grave (The Torah.com).

In several midrashim, God lovingly lifts Mount Sinai over the Israelites to protect them from the dangers of the revelation. One midrash, however, has God threatening to bury the Israelites with the mountain if they don’t accept the Torah. The difference is the intertext.

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Aus (ed.), Haggadah in Early Judaism and the New Testament (Mohr Siebeck

NEW BOOK FROM MOHR SIEBECK: Haggadah in Early Judaism and the New Testament. Edited by Roger David Aus. 2021. XIII, 431 pages. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 461. 149,00 € including VAT. cloth ISBN 978-3-16-160090-6.

Published in English.
Although it is difficult to define Haggadah exactly, this topic, thus far neglected in New Testament studies, can comprise among other things hyperbole; the addition of names, dates and numbers to an earlier text; glorification of a biblical character; parables to illustrate a statement or principle; and the creation of speeches, even of entire scenes. In addition, it is important in resolving the centuries-old inaccurate alternative of true or false, historical or fictional. The nineteen essays collected in this volume, by leading scholars in their own fields, illustrate in an exemplary way how Jews in Antiquity and Jewish Christians creatively employed haggadic elements in their writings.

The essays are in English and German, with one in French.

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Stern (ed.), Calendars in the Making (Brill)

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:

Calendars in the Making: The Origins of Calendars from the Roman Empire to the Later Middle Ages

Series: Time, Astronomy, and Calendars, Volume: 10

Editor: Sacha Stern

Calendars in the Making investigates the origins of calendars we are most familiar with today, yet whose early histories, in the Roman and medieval periods, are still shrouded in obscurity. It examines when the seven-day week was standardized and first used for dating and time reckoning, in Jewish and other constituencies of the Roman Empire; how the Christian liturgical calendar was constructed in early medieval Europe; and how and when the Islamic calendar was instituted. The volume includes studies of Roman provincial calendars, medieval Persian calendar reforms, and medieval Jewish calendar cycles. Edited by Sacha Stern, it presents the original research of a team of leading experts in the field.

Contributors are: François de Blois, Ilaria Bultrighini, Sacha Stern, Johannes Thomann, Nadia Vidro, Immo Warntjes.

Prices from (excl. VAT): €134.00 / $161.00

E-Book (PDF)
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-45969-4
Publication Date: 26 Apr 2021
Copyright Date: 01 Jan 2021

Hardback
Availability: Not Yet Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-45963-2
Publication Date: 29 Apr 2021
Copyright Date: 01 Jan 2021

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Symposium on belief in the ancient world/Bible

CALL FOR PAPERS: 2021 University of St Andrews Biblical Studies Symposium - July 7-9, 2021 - Online only.

About

The St Mary’s School of Divinity at the University of St Andrews is hosting this interdisciplinary conference dealing with questions of belief in the ancient world and in the biblical texts. The conference will consist of both plenary sessions and breakout sessions in which both postgraduate students and professional scholars will have the chance to present and discuss their research. Plenary speakers include: Dr. Brent Strawn (Duke University), Dr. Erin Darby (University of Tennessee), Professor Thomas Harrison (University of St Andrews), Dr. Madhavi Nevader (University of St Andrews), Dr. Matthew Novenson (University of Edinburgh), and Dr. Theodore Lewis (Johns Hopkins University).

Follow the link for further particulars, registration information, and the call for paper proposals (deadline 17 May 2021).

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Workshop on Greco-Roman Jewish authors & power

H-JUDAIC: WORKSHOP: Jewish Authors & Power in the Graeco-Roman Period (June 3rd-4th).

On Zoom, of course. Appears to be free, but requires advance registration. Details are at the link.

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More on the Herculaneum skeleton

VESVUIUS WATCH: The Daily Mail has an article on that skeleton found at Herculaneum, the one which could be of a Roman officer from Pliny's Vesuvius rescue mission. The Mail has decent coverage of the story and good new photos. It also touchs on some other Vesuvius-related matters.

Skeleton found in ruins of Herculaneum is identified as Roman officer who was killed while helping to rescue others during the Mount Vesuvius eruption 2,000 years ago (Stacy Liberatore)

Also, Mary Beard has a blog post that registers a healthy note of skepticism. Part of the post is behind the TLS subscription wall, but you can see some of it for free. (HT Rogue Classicism).

Putting a name on a Roman skeleton

You know what I am about to say. There is no reason whatsoever to tie in this skeleton with the report about Pliny. We could not prove that it wasn’t connected. But the number of middle-ranking military types in the disaster zone must have been large, and he could have been any one of them.

Background here.

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Review of Vayntrub, Beyond Orality

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: Book Note | Beyond Orality: Biblical Poetry on its Own Terms ( Andrew Tobolowsky).

Jacqueline Vayntrub, Beyond Orality: Biblical Poetry on its Own Terms (London: Routledge, 2019).

I noted the publication of the book here.

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On the coinage of the Bar Kokhba era

NUMISMATICS: What do ancient coins tell us about Bar Kochba and the Omer period? The symbolism behind the coins is clearly stated in the ornaments they feature (Rossella Tercatin, Jerusalem Post). In anticipation of Shavuot, which is coming soon.

Some PaleoJudaica posts on discoveries (etc.) of Bar Kokhba-era coins are here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here. Posts noting articles on the Bar Kokhba coinage are here and here. For many posts on the Bar Kokhba Revolt, start here and follow the links.

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One of Pliny's officers found at Herculaneum?

VESUVIUS WATCH: Herculaneum dig sees Pliny's officer who died trying to help. Director Sirano shows novelties of ancient finds before new digs (ANSA).

"He may be," [dig director Francesco] Sirano explained, "an officer of the fleet that took part in the rescue mission launched by Pliny the Elder to help the people in the towns and villas nestled on this part of the Bay of Naples". A navy soldier who came to rescue the desperate people of Herculaneum, crammed in their hundreds for hours on the beach and inside the 'fornixes' or storing containers which were normally used for stowing nets and fishing equipment. A man who didn't make it, he too was killed in a few devastating instants by the pyroclastic surges that swept down from Vesuvius and here engulfed houses, people and things at a speed of 80-100 kilometres per hour, also pushing dozens and dozens of bodies into the sea.

The evidence for this sounds pretty good.

The story is also covered in two articles that are behind subscription walls:

Hero of Herculaneum: skeleton may be saviour sent to defy the volcano. (Nick Squires, The Telegraph)

Clue that ancient Romans were close to being saved from Vesuvius (Tom Kington, London Times).

Both the Telegraph and the Times allow you to read a limited number of articles with free registration.

For many PaleoJudaica posts on the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE and its destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum, start here and follow the links. For more on Pliny the Elder's daring naval rescue mission follow the links there. Pliny himself perished while undertaking scientific observations during the mission, but the mission itself may have saved as many as a couple of thousand people. Pliny's body may (or may not) have been recovered in a mass grave on the shores of the town of Stabiae. For more on the pyroclastic surge during the eruption, see here and follow the links. For many posts on Herculaneum and its famous library carbonized during the eruption, see here and links.

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What was "Torah" in antiquity?

FOR SHAVUOT: What Is “Torah” in Second Temple Texts? (Prof.Molly M. Zahn, TheTorah.com).

In the Second Temple Period, “Torah” was not limited to the Five Books of Moses. The book of Jubilees and the Temple Scroll saw themselves as "Torah," while Qumran's Community Rule and Damascus Document claim that their own sectarian rules likewise constituted Torah.

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Review of J. Rendel Harris biography

THE ETC BLOG: Review of Falcetta’s Bio of J. Rendel Harris (Peter Gurry). The review is in the current issue of the Bullettin for Biblical Research. You can read it at Peter's Academia.edu page (see link). I noted the publication of the book in 2017.

J. Rendel Harris (1852-1941) was a biblical scholar, manuscript collector, and a curator at the John Rylands Library in Manchester. For more on him, see here.

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They excavated the other half of that lamp in ... Hungary?

WAIT, WHAT? Matching half of 2,000-year-old lamp found in Jerusalem said located in Budapest. Hungarian archeologist reaches out to Israelis to say he may have found a match for the rare face-shaped piece discovered on road used by Jewish pilgrims on way to 2nd Temple (Raoul Wootliff, Times of Israel).

This story just gets wilder. It looks as though this bronze lamp was made in two halves, each a complete lamp in itself and each representing half a face. When interlocked, they would constitute a double-wicked lamp bearing a whole grotesque face.

Best of all, one half was just excavated in Jerusalem this year. The other was excavated in Budapest in 2012. How is that for a lucky find?

It remains to be demonstrated conclusively that they are parts of the same lamp. But that is how it looks now.

HT reader Chedva Perr. The Jerusalem Post article by Rossella Tercatin includes a video of the lamp in Hungary: Does Hungary have the missing piece of 2,000-year-old luck lamp? Because of its unique shape – a half face with grotesque features, similar to a theater mask – the artifact was described by the archaeologists as very unique.

Background here and here. I wonder if the funny-face bronze lamp found at the Um el-Kanatir synagogue also came in two interlocking parts. Does anyone know anything more about it? I can find lots of photos of the synagogue, but none of the lamp.

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On the Biblioteca Ambrosiana and its manuscripts

A LANDMARK OF SCHOLARSHIP: WKND Travel: Inside The Ambrosiana, Milan's historic library (Mariella Radaelli, The Khaleej Times via MSN.com).

The Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana is the third-oldest public library in Europe, after the Bodleian Library (1603) at Oxford and the Angelica Library (1604) in Rome.

Within a five-minute-walk from the Milan Cathedral, it remains an important site for scholars and students, providing a model of intercultural dialogue and education.

It sits timelessly in the heart of the city. Its spacious rooms are filled with 35,000 manuscripts of great artistic and codicological value, 2,500 incunabula, and one million books. These precious library materials allow the researchers' minds to expand infinitely. Here, they can see the whole universe within themselves.

A fascinating account of the founding and early history of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan. The focus is on its collection of Arabic manuscripts, but it also has manuscripts important for biblical and ancient Jewish studies.

Codex Ambrosianus B.21 is a manuscript a Syriac translation of the whole Bible – construed broadly to include the Old Testament, the New Testament, the Apocrypha, and some books that didn't make it into any of the official biblical canons. I have blogged on the manuscript here, based on a photolithographic reproduction in the special collections of the University of St. Andrews Library. In 2011 I visited the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, where I saw and photographed the actual manuscript. For more on it see here, here, and here. And for posts on another manuscript from this library, see here and here.

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Essays: On Becoming a Jewish Bible Scholar

FOR SHAVUOT: On Becoming a Jewish Bible Scholar (TheTorah.com).

For Shavuot 5781, the 8th anniversary of TheTorah.com, we invited scholars to answer the following questions:

• What were the circumstances—familial, social, intellectual, religious—that influenced your choice to pursue biblical studies?
• Has your involvement in the field affected the nature of your religious beliefs and behavior, and if so, how?

This is a developing series: New reflections will be added over time.

So far there are essays by Prof. Nili Wazana, Prof. Marvin A. Sweeney, Prof. Jon D. Levenson, Prof. Carl S. Ehrlich, Prof. Adele Berlin, Prof. Baruch J. Schwartz, Prof. Marc Zvi Brettler, and Prof. Yairah Amit.

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Review of The Wandering Holy Man: The Life of Barsauma (ed. Hahn & Menze)

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: Book Note | The Wandering Holy Man: The Life of Barsauma, Christian Asceticism, and Religious Conflict in Late Antique PalestineNatalie Reynoso (Natalie Reynoso).

Hahn, Johannes and Volker Menze. Eds. 2020. The Wandering Holy Man: The Life of Barsauma, Christian Asceticism, and Religious Conflict in Late Antique Palestine. Oakland: University of California Press.

Composed in Syriac, the Life of Barsauma offers new resources for understanding the construction of holiness in late antiquity. This edited volume provides an essential guide to this lengthy composition within its literary, social, and religious contexts. Several of the authors present nuanced analyses of the particularities of ascetic practice among Syrian holy men, especially wanderers and mourners; others examine Christian relations with Jews, pagans, and Samaritans in Palestine and the Near East; and still others turn their attention to the historical figures mentioned in the Life and to the relations between Christianity and empire in the late Roman world. ...

Cross-file under Syriac Watch.

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Review of Egri, The archaeology of Mithraism

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: The archaeology of Mithraism.

Matthew McCarty, Mariana Egri, The archaeology of Mithraism. Babesch supplements, 39. Leuven: Peeters, 2020. Pp. 226. ISBN 9789042943520 €78,00.

Review by
Alison Griffith, University of Canterbury. alison.griffith@canterbury.ac.nz

I noted the publication of the book here. For more posts on the Mithras cult (Mithraism), see the links collected there, plus here and here.

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The Domitian persecution – fake news?

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Alternative Facts: Domitian’s Persecution of Christians. Was Roman emperor Domitian really the great persecutor of Christians? (Mark Wilson).

Over two decades since two Roman historians and a Revelation scholar have pronounced a Domitianic persecution moribund, such claims continue to circulate in articles, books and sermons. This shows how long it takes to repudiate “alternative facts” that have circulated for over 1,500 years in Christendom.

Nero is uncanceled and Domitian is rehabilitated. I wonder what John of Patmos would make of all this?

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The Oxford Handbook of the Pentateuch

NEW BOOK FROM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS:

The Oxford Handbook of the Pentateuch

Edited by Joel S. Baden and Jeffrey Stackert

Oxford Handbooks

• Features contributions from leading scholars to provide students and scholars with a comprehensive survey of the field
• Considers key topics and issues in contemporary pentateuchal scholarship, and examines the Pentateuch in its social world
• Investigates the history and formation of the text and its early reception

Description

Featuring contributions from internationally-recognized scholars in the study of the Pentateuch, this volume provides a comprehensive survey of key topics and issues in contemporary pentateuchal scholarship. The Oxford Handbook of the Pentateuch considers recent debates about the formation of the Pentateuch and their implications for biblical scholarship. At the same time, it addresses a number of issues that relate more broadly to the social and intellectual worlds of the Pentateuch. This includes engagements with questions of archaeology and history, the Pentateuch and the Samaritans, the relation between the Pentateuch and other Moses traditions in the Second Temple period, the Pentateuch and social memory, and more. Crucially, the Handbook situates its discussions of current developments in pentateuchal studies in relation to the field's long history, one that in its modern, critical phase is now more than two centuries old. By showcasing both this rich history and the leading edges of the field, this collection provides a clear account of pentateuchal studies and a fresh sense of its vitality and relevance within biblical studies, religious studies, and the broader humanities.

£110.00
Hardback
Published: 29 April 2021
592 Pages
246x171mm
ISBN: 9780198726302
Also Available As: Ebook

Not to be confused with The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Law, which came out last year.

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Holt, Narrative and Other Readings in the Book of Esther (T&T Clark)

NEW BOOK FROM BLOOMSBURY/T&T CLARK:

Narrative and Other Readings in the Book of Esther

By: Else K. Holt

Published: 04-08-2021
Format: Hardback
Edition: 1st
Extent: 184
ISBN: 9780567697615
Imprint: T&T Clark
Series: The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies
Volume: 712
Illustrations: 4 bw illus
Dimensions: 6 1/8" x 9 1/4"
List price: $115.00
Online price: $103.50
Save $11.50 (10%)

Hardback $103.50
PDF eBook (Watermarked) $82.80

About Narrative and Other Readings in the Book of Esther

This collection of essays considers the Book of Esther from a literary and sociological perspective. In part one, Else Holt outlines the main questions of historical-critical research in the Book of Esther. She also discusses the theological meaning of a biblical book without God, and examines how the book was transmitted through the last centuries BCE. She also explores how the Hebrew and Greek variants of the Book of Esther picture its main character, Esther, the Jewish queen of Persia.

In part two, Holt offers deconstructive reading of themes hidden under the surface-levels of the book. Chapters include discussions of Esther's initiation into her role as Persian queen; the inter-textual conversation with two much later texts, The Arabian Nights and The Story of O; and the relationship between Mordecai, the Jew, and his opponent Haman, the Agagite, as a matter of mimetic doublings. The last part of the book introduces the sociological concept of ethnicity-construction as the backdrop for perceiving the instigation of the Jewish festival Purim and the violence connected to it, and looks at the Book of Esther as an example of trauma literature. The concluding chapter analyses the moral quality of the book of Esther, asking the question: Is it a bedtime story?

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