Tuesday, April 28, 2026

Top Ten Discoveries Related to Ezra and Nehemiah

BIBLE ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT: Top Ten Discoveries Related to Ezra and Nehemiah (Bryan Windle). HT Todd Bolen at the Bible Places Blog.
The books of Ezra and Nehemiah record the return of the Jewish exiles to Jerusalem in the Persian era, focusing on the rebuilding of the temple and the city walls, as well as the spiritual reforms they initiated. In the Hebrew Bible (the Old Testament in Christian Bibles), Ezra and Nehemiah form a single book. Not everyone agrees that these accounts are historically reliable. Lester L. Grabbe, for example, calls them a “ripping yarn” and claims that they “do not inspire confidence that we have genuine historical data.”1 On the other hand, archaeology has demonstrated that numerous people, places, and events within the books are historically accurate. Here are the top ten archaeological discoveries related to Ezra and Nehemiah, which help demonstrate the historicity of these biblical books.
The discoveries are informative, whatever they demonstrate.

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What do women contribute to making babies?

DR. SHANA STRAUCH-SCHICK: What Do Women Contribute to a Baby’s Conception? (TheTorah.com).
Seed, blood, or nothing? This debate among the Greeks about the role of women in the development of a fetus influenced the way Second Temple and Rabbinic interpreters understood the meaning of the biblical verse "If a woman emits seed" (Leviticus 12:2).

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Another "ancient" Hebrew manuscript in Turkey

APPREHENDED BUT FAKE: Turkey seizes rare ancient Hebrew manuscript in major antiquities smuggling crackdown (All Israel News).
The Turkish media portal Türkiye Today published a report on Monday about the ongoing efforts to combat the illegal trade in antiquities that are often looted from legitimate archaeological digs throughout the region.

The report included details about an archaeological artifact recently seized by police, along with other contraband that smugglers were attempting to sell on the black market. The item is a two-meter manuscript inscribed on python skin with gold Hebrew script, which is of particular interest to the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). It had been rolled up and stored inside a copper case with an “ornate, embossed lid,” according to the report.

[...]

Granted, the parchment medium for this manuscript is creative, but is the IAA really interested in it? I doubt it.

YNet News has also covered the story, with a marginally better copy of the very bad photo:

Hebrew text in gold on python skin seized in Turkey black-market antiquities probe. Authorities in Gaziantep say they seized a two-meter python-skin manuscript inscribed with Hebrew letters in gold and detained a foreign national suspected of illegal excavations and trying to sell the rare artifact on the black market (Yogev Israeli).

The item is consistent with the types of finds usually uncovered by antiquities traffickers operating across the region. Illegal excavations at archaeological sites remain an ongoing problem that Turkish authorities are trying to combat.
This scroll is indeed consistent with some finds seized from antiquities traffickers in the region. My assessment is that, like many of them, it is clearly a fake.

By expanding the bad photo you can get a blurry look at the the text on the scroll. It consists of a continuous string of Hebrew letters with no clear word divisions and no words, at least that I can make out. As the headline notes, the letters and images are gold, which is a hallmark of recent fakes.

I am not a specialist in ancient iconography, but the images don't look ancient to me either. Compare, for example, the hexagram design to the hexagram in another Turkish fake noted here (second link). The article noted here has a photo with a very similar hexagram design and a griffin underneath it holding a menorah. The griffin design in the current (python parchment) manuscript on the right side has a nearly identical griffin that appears to be next to an (only partly visible) large menorah image.

All that said, as always, I commend the Turkish police for going hard on antiquities smuggling.

There are many legitimate ancient epigraphic and other archaeological discoveries coming out of Turkey. I cover them all the time. But many dodgy "ancient" Hebrew, Aramaic, and Syriac manuscripts also turn up, generally recovered by the police from smugglers. This looks to me to be one of the latter. I tend to ignore them, but I do note one occasionally. For lots more of them see here and the relevant link.

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Monday, April 27, 2026

Niehoff, Philo of Alexandria: Every Good Man is Free (Brill)

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:
Philo of Alexandria: Every Good Man is Free

Introduction, Translation, and Commentary

Series:
Philo of Alexandria Commentary Series, Volume: 9

Author: Maren R. Niehoff

Philo’s treatise on freedom is the first extant exposition of the topic, which became neuralgic in the first century CE. Philosophical, historical, literary and exegetical aspects are explored. The Essenes are presented as an exemplary group of free individuals, who reject slavery and study Torah on the Sabbath. In this first commentary on the treatise, Philo’s thought is explained in the context of the circumstances in which it was written, namely in the aftermath of the Alexandrian pogrom in 38 CE, when he served as the head of the Jewish embassy in Rome. The main contemporary figures are introduced and Philo’s role in the debates of first century Rome is highlighted. Special attention is paid to Cynic philosophy, which prized individual freedom and saw a revival in Rome that is otherwise attested only fragmentarily. Philo’s treatise emerges as a precious source, which illuminates subsequent advocates of freedom, such as Paul and Epictetus.

Copyright Year: 2026

E-Book (PDF)
Availability: Not Yet Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-68930-5
Publication: 18 Mar 2026
EUR €250.00

Hardback
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-68929-9
Publication: 01 Apr 2026
EUR €250.00

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Sunday, April 26, 2026

Meshel, Two Models of Biblical Purity (OUP open access)

NEW BOOK FROM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS:
Two Models of Biblical Purity

The Science of Ritual

Naphtali S. Meshel

The Bible and the Humanities

Open Access

£104.00
Hardback

Published: 24 March 2026
288 Pages
234x156mm
ISBN: 9780198883326

Also Available As:
E-book

Description

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read on Oxford Academic and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.

Two Models of Biblical Purity: The Science of Ritual investigates the ancient Israelite and early Jewish purity systems, proposing a framework that distinguishes between two conceptual approaches to ritual pollution: the qualitative and quantitative models. In the qualitative model, forms of pollution differ fundamentally in type, like distinct illnesses with unique symptoms and treatments. The quantitative model, on the other hand, views pollution as varying in intensity or degree, similar to temperature, where different sources simply make one "more" or "less" impure. The book argues that the Hebrew Bible primarily reflects a qualitative model, where impurities are categorized by type rather than severity. Through careful philological analysis, the study develops "litmus tests" to detect these models within biblical and late Second Temple texts, showing a gradual shift toward quantitative thought in later Jewish sources. Each chapter applies these methods to pivotal texts, including the Priestly literature, the Temple Scroll, and other late Second Temple and rabbinic writings, revealing the complex evolution of purity laws. This approach provides insights into the inner logic and diachronic development of ritual systems, offering a foundational perspective for comparative studies across diverse ritual traditions. Finally, it examines the historical contexts that may have instigated the shift and considers the advantages of the "fundamental science" approach to the study of biblical purity.

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Saturday, April 25, 2026

Aitken memorial volume

NEW BOOK FROM BLOOMSBURY/T&T CLARK:
Language and Identity in Hellenistic Judaism

Essays in Memory of James K. Aitken

William A. Ross (Anthology Editor) , Marieke Dhont (Anthology Editor) , Christopher J. Fresch (Anthology Editor)

Hardback
$120.00 $108.00

Ebook (PDF)
$108.00 $86.40

Ebook (Epub & Mobi)
$108.00 $86.40

Product details

Published Feb 05 2026
Format Hardback
Edition 1st
Pages 304
ISBN 9780567715081
Imprint T&T Clark
Dimensions 9 x 6 inches
Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing

Description

This volume honours the life and scholarship of James K. Aitken (1968–2023), a distinguished scholar of Hebrew and Early Jewish Studies at the University of Cambridge. Bringing together fourteen original essays by colleagues, students, and friends, the collection explores themes central to Aitken's work. Contributors examine the interplay between language and identity in ancient Jewish communities, with particular attention to the Septuagint and its place within the history of Greek.
Aitken's intellectual legacy is reflected in the breadth of topics covered, from lexical studies and syntactic analysis to sociolinguistic phenomena and historical context. The essays build on his pioneering research and continue conversations he began, offering fresh insights into the lived realities of Jews in the Hellenistic world.
More than a scholarly tribute, this volume is a testament to Aitken's collegial spirit and mentorship. The editors-William A. Ross, Marieke Dhont, and Christopher Fresch-were all shaped by his guidance and friendship, and have curated a collection that reflects both his academic influence and personal impact. With contributions from leading international scholars, this book stands as a fitting memorial to a beloved teacher, collaborator, and friend.

Noted as forthcoming, with links, here.

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Friday, April 24, 2026

Karen Stern awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship

CONGRATULATIONS! PROFESSOR KAREN B. STERN NAMED 2026 GUGGENHEIM FELLOW. Karen B. Stern, who studies ancient Jewish life through archaeology, material culture, and the senses, has been named a 2026 Guggenheim Fellow (CUNY Graduate Center).
Her work explores Jewish communities in the Greek, Roman, and Sassanian worlds, drawing on archaeology, inscriptions, and sensory history to understand lived religious experience. She is the author of Writing on the Wall: Graffiti and the Forgotten Jews of Antiquity, which won a 2020 Jordan Schnitzer Book Award, as well as Inscribing Devotion and Death. Her research has been supported by organizations including the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Getty Villa, and she has received multiple teaching awards from Brooklyn College.

The fellowship will support Stern’s new project, “Sanctity: An Archaeology of the Senses in the Ancient Synagogue,” which reexamines ancient synagogues through fieldwork, artifacts, and sensory analysis. It will enable travel to sites and collections across the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.

Professor Stern is interviewed in this press release.

For PaleoJudaica posts on her work, see here and links.

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Moses in the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions?

THE BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION:
Stop Trying to Make MŠ Happen! Or Why Moses Does Not Appear in the Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions

Claims linking the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions to Moses are unconvincing and continue a long pattern in which biblical apologists overread fragmentary evidence. Michael Bar-Ron’s proposed “Moses” readings fail on epigraphic, linguistic, and historical grounds: the supposed letters are not actually present, the spelling does not fit, and even a genuine occurrence of the name would not establish a connection to the biblical figure. More broadly, sensational media coverage turned a weak scholarly claim into clickbait. The Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions are significant enough on their own for what they reveal about the early history of alphabetic writing, without the need for apologetic overreach or manufactured controversy.

See also The Lost Language of the Ghassulians: Proto-Writing at Nahal Mishmar?

On the Origin of Alphabetic Writing 2019

Hebrew or Not?: Reviewing the Linguistic Claims of Douglas Petrovich’s The World’s Oldest Alphabet 2017

Wandering in the Desert?: A Review of Charles R. Krahmalkov’s “The Chief of Miners Mashe/Moshe

By Aren Wilson-Wright
University of Chicago
Department of Middle Eastern Studies
Assistant Instructional Professor
April 2026

I've been aware of recent claims of finding Moses in the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions, but they sounded dubious, so I have not posted on them. This essay has a detailed epigraphic and philological evaluation. The other links discuss other, sometimes similar, proposals.

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An Aramean bull stele and the New Moon?

LUNAR ARTIFACT? New moon takes the bull by the horns. Magnificent 8th century stone monument at Israel Museum preserves link between ancient Aramean god and Jewish calendar (Ilan Ben Zion, Times of Israel).
So the god depicted on the stele was an incarnation of Baal? It’s not as clearcut as that, Arie admits. The bull’s head on the Bethsaida stele is surmounted by horns forming a clearly defined crescent moon, suggesting it may represent a lunar deity.
Google in its wisdom, or whatever it is, has started showing me old articles in my searches. Usually I ignore them, but this one from 2013 is about an artifact that I knew little about which is worth a look. (I noted its existence in passing many years ago, but hadn't heard about it since.)

The "Bethsaida" mentioned in both places above is et-Tell/e-Tel, identified as the site of Geshur mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. The other site competing for recognition as ancient Bethsaida is el-Araj. The latter seems to be winning at present. For the details of the long debate, start here (cf. here, here, and here) and follow the links.

For PaleoJudaica posts on golden calf and other metal bull artifacts, some of them quite ancient, see here and links. It sounds like the Israel Museum has a substantial collection of terra cotta and metal bulls.

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Thursday, April 23, 2026

Who was the "Ethiopian" "Eunuch?"

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Who Was the Ethiopian Eunuch? Rethinking identity, language, and narrative with Mark Wilson (Lauren K. McCormick).
The narrative in Acts is organized around the expansion of Christianity from Jerusalem to Judea and Samaria, and ultimately to the “ends of the earth.” The Ethiopian eunuch is geographically distant, socially elevated, and—if Wilson is correct—a Jew open to seeing Jesus as the fulfillment of scripture. In this sense, the Ethiopian eunuch functions as a node within the larger narrative structure of Acts, which is less concerned with individual life stories than with the unstoppable crossing of boundaries that defines its vision of the early Christian movement.
Wilson's BAR article is behind the subscription wall, but this BHD essay gives a summary of it.

A couple of PaleoJudaica posts involving the Ethiopian Eunuch are here and here.

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Lost Classical epics

THE ANXIOUS BENCH: All The Epics We Have Lost (Philip Jenkins).
My current research involves the loss and rediscovery of Jewish and Christian scriptures, with a focus on the years between roughly 1870 and 1940. However, my next few blogposts are going to explore these themes of “lost and found” much more broadly and cross-culturally, before circling back round to that Biblical/Scriptural focus. I think the themes that emerge are really enlightening in many areas. So today, I will begin far away from the Christian world, in the deepest foundations of the Classical tradition.
There follows an excellent overview of lost Greek Classical epics known from references in later literature, with a sideline of lost plays by some of the great Classical playwrights.

You can read what we know about many of the lost epics and a little on the lost plays in the work of the Hellenistic-era mythographer (Pseudo-?) Apollodorus, The Library of Greek Mythology. The Suda gives more fulsome information on the lost plays.

I look forward to Professor Jenkins's promised further posts on Lost Books.

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Review of Osborne, The origins of Christianity in the Calendar Wars of the second century BCE

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: The origins of Christianity in the Calendar Wars of the second century BCE.
Alfred Osborne, The origins of Christianity in the Calendar Wars of the second century BCE. Studia traditionis theologiae, 60. Turnhout: Brepols, 2025. Pp. 325. ISBN 9782503613062.

Review by
Amit Gvaryahu, University of Copenhagen. amgv@teol.ku.dk

Excerpt:
Osborne’s book is erudite, and the sources dealt with span the gamut between the Hebrew Bible and the Cairo Genizah, in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. His command of Josephus, the books of the Maccabees, and the New Testament is impressive, as is his ability to cogently present a historical narrative. At the end of the day, however, it is unconvincing. As Osborne cheerily admits often, none of this narrative is explicit in the sources. ...
I haven't read the book, but from the description, that sounds about right to me. And if the calendar were so important for the origins of Christianity, I would expect the debate to figure, or at least to surface periodically, in the New Testament.

But feel free to read the book and decide for yourself.

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Wednesday, April 22, 2026

New scrolls coming to Museum of the Bible DSS exhibit

EXHIBITION ROTATION: Museum of the Bible prepares to receive Dead Sea Scrolls Isaiah fragments (Elizabeth Black, The Sift).
An ancient fragment of the book of Isaiah will go on display at the Museum of the Bible from May through September before returning to Israel to spend five years in a vault. The leather fragment is part of the Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in the 1940s and 50s in the caves of Qumran in the West Bank, or what the Israeli government refers to as Judea. It contains portions of several chapters of Isaiah and dates back to sometime around the first century A.D. The Isaiah fragment is part of the final stage of a Dead Sea Scrolls exhibit at the museum, according to Bobby Duke, the museum’s chief curatorial officer.

... The new display will also include other Dead Sea Scrolls fragments, including an apocryphal account of the birth of Noah, part of the ancient Jewish book of Tobit, and Duke’s favorite item: pieces of phylactery scrolls.

This is the third lot of scrolls in this exhibition. That Isaiah fragment mentioned is 4QIsaiahd (4Q58). For details on the other scrolls in this rotation, follow the "exhibit" link to the museum page and scroll (heh) down.

Earlier posts on this exhibition are here (cf. here) and here.

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Homer at Oxyrhyncus?

OXYRHYNCHUS WATCH: Archaeological mission in Oxyrhynchus has found Homer's 'Iliad' inside a Roman-era mummy (PhysOrg/University of Barcelona, edited by Stephanie Baum, reviewed by Robert Egan).
During the campaign carried out between November and December 2025, Núria Castellano's team discovered a Roman-era mummy in Tomb 65 of Sector 22 that featured an unusual element: a papyrus placed on the abdomen as part of the embalming ritual. In previous campaigns, the Oxyrhynchus Archaeological Mission had already documented papyri written in Greek in similar positions, but all contained magical or ritualistic content. A literary text such as the "Iliad" had never before been found in this context.
The text is from the Catalogue of Ships in Iliad book II.

For a recent overview of the Oxyrhynchus papyri, see here. There are endless PaleoJudaica post on the site and the papyri in the archives.

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Online Oxford Septuagint Seminar, TODAY and going forward

WILLIAM A. ROSS: (VIRTUAL) OXFORD SEPTUAGINT SEMINAR, 22 APRIL.
I’m happy to publicize information for the new Trinity term schedule for the Septuagint Seminar at Christ Church, Oxford. As you can see in the schedule below, there are a handful of seminars on the roster (including one by yours truly). I’ll post links here as they become available. But the very first one of the term is tomorrow. Info below:
That is now today, in just a few hours. Follow the link for the Zoom link and passcode.

Dr. Ross has been posting these lectures for a while, but usually too late for me to see them in time to relay them. But have a look at the list in his post. If any of the seminars interest you, keep an eye on his blog for Zoom info. I will try to relay it too, depending on the timing of the announcement.

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