Did an ancient sling stone teach someone a lesson?

ANCIENT MARTIAL ARTIFACT: ‘Learn your lesson’: Inscribed 2,100-year-old sling bullet found in the Galilee, Artifact was possibly used by the Greek defenders of the city of Hippos against the Hasmonean army of King Alexander Jannaeus in 101 BCE (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel).

Its discovery marks the first time that this specific inscription has been found on a sling bullet, according to Haifa University’s Michael Eisenberg, co-director of excavation at the site and one of the authors of the study.

The underlying article just published (open access) in Palestine Exploration Quarterly:

Learn! – A New Type of Inscription on a Sling Bullet from Hippos of the Decapolis

Michael Eisenber, Arleta Kowalewska & Gregor Staab
Published online: 10 Mar 2026
Cite this article https://doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2026.2641294

ABSTRACT

This paper introduces a unique inscribed lead sling bullet (slingshot) found at Hippos of the Decapolis in 2025. The item was recovered with a metal detector within the Southern Necropolis, close to the bed of the Sussita Stream, where an ancient road passed. The bullet, most probably launched by the city defenders at attackers coming up the road, carries Greek letters ΜΑΘΟΥ. This previously unattested inscription can be interpreted as a sarcastic imperative addressed to the enemy: ‘Learn your lesson!’ The find joins the group of 69 lead sling bullets encountered at Hippos. Although some are decorated with a scorpion or a thunderbolt, the bullet described in this paper is the first one with an inscription.

For other discoveries of ancient inscribed and uninscribed sling bullets in Israel, see the links collected here. And for many PaleoJudaica posts on artifacts and architecture recovered in and around the site of Hippos-Sussita, start here and follow the links

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More on the Achaemenid Zoroastrian elements in the Elephantine papyri etc.

IRANIAN-INFLUENCED ARAMAIC: Researcher uncovers Zoroastrian 'ripples' in Jewish documents from ancient Egypt (Sandee Oster, Phys.org).

In a study published in the journal Iran, researcher Gad Barnea has uncovered new evidence suggesting that Zoroastrian religious practices were more prevalent and left a deeper imprint on surrounding communities than previously recognized. The study complements the current body of knowledge on Achaemenid-era Zoroastrianism (AZ) with data gathered from Jewish sources outside Iran. These include documents referencing the building of a Zoroastrian-style temple, Zoroastrian magi priests, and a fire altar located in a Jewish temple.

[...]

Many of the Achaemenid Zoroastrian elements that appear in the fifth-century BCE Aramaic Judean papyri from Elephantine Island in Egypt are well known to Aramaists and specialists in ancient Judaism. But apparently less so to specialists in ancient Zoroastrianism, at least until recently. This article covers them and explores the evidence more fully.

I already noted open-access underling article in Iran Volume 63, 2025 - Issue 2 here. But here it is again:

Some Achaemenid Zoroastrian Echoes in Early Yahwistic Sources

Gad Barnea
Pages 234-243 | Published online: 02 Sep 2025
Cite this article https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2025.2494602

ABSTRACT

In her magnum opus, A History of Zoroastrianism, Mary Boyce perceptively noted that often, in the history of this Iranian religion, “developments within Iran itself have to be deduced from the ripples which they caused abroad”. This is certainly true of the history of Achaemenid-era Zoroastrianism, the characteristics (and in some circles even the existence) of which, continue to be a matter of debate even as more and more information regarding its possible features continues to emerge. This article aims to complement the current body of knowledge with data gathered from Yahwistic sources outside of Iran to enhance and solidify our understanding of Achaemenid-era Zoroastrianism and its contours. It reviews the current state of scholarship and the significant progress that has been made in the recent decades and studies some Zoroastrian/Avestan echoes preserved in Yahwistic sources in Upper Egypt, mostly at Elephantine, which provide first-hand documentation of Zoroastrian devotion.

For a related article by Gad Barnea, see here.

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Scaling back the Mandean Creation Festival due to the war

MANDEAN (MANDAEAN) WATCH: Security concerns scale back Mandaean Parwanaya festival (Shafaq News- Baghdad).

War and unrest across the Middle East have overshadowed the Parwanaya, or Creation Festival, one of Iraq’s most important religious celebrations for the Mandaean Sabaeans. This year, the community has restricted observance to core rituals, skipping public gatherings and festive events.

Also called the “Five White Days,” the festival coincides with the Muslim holy month of Ramadan for the third year in a row. During this time, Mandaean Sabaeans fast strictly, avoiding meat, bread, eggs, and other foods, many of which must be prepared at home.

The Sabaean faith, among the world’s oldest monotheistic religions, traces its spiritual roots to the prophet John the Baptist (Yahya ibn Zakariya). Rituals are conducted in Aramaic, a language dating to the tenth century BC, preserved in the community’s sacred text, Ginza Rabba.

[...]

That's too bad.

For PaleoJudaica posts on the Sabaean (Sabean) Mandeans, see here and links. A couple of more recent posts on the Mandeans are here and here. For still more, see the archives.

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Virnelson, Fruit of Her Hands (OUP)

NEW BOOK FROM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS:

Fruit of Her Hands

Women, Work, and Society in the Hebrew Bible

Leslie G. Virnelson

£64.00

Hardback
Published: 11 December 2025
248 Pages | 9 b&w halftones
235x156mm
ISBN: 9780197810811

Also Available As:
E-book

Description

Fruit of Her Hands considers how specialized roles for women are reflected in the texts of the Hebrew Bible, with a focus on four—midwives, diviners, weavers, and sex workers. Virnelson investigates the practice of each role in the ancient world and its corresponding portrayal in biblical texts, incorporating linguistics, material culture, comparative literature, and ethnography. Feminist theories situate the investigation of individual roles in a broader discussion of gendered roles in ancient texts.

The study of weavers considers paradigms of skill and craft for the manual expertise that women weavers developed. The study of midwives considers recognition in the absence of centralized credentialing and training as well as the latitude afforded to midwives as ritual and medical experts. The study of diviners considers how intersecting factors might create gendered opportunities and obstacles for women in divinatory roles. The study of sex workers reveals the ambivalent place of sex workers in society and the patrimonial household, and how sex work reveals broader paradigms of women's sexuality and work.

Fruit of Her Hands sheds light on the nature of specialized work in ancient society and the social roles of women in the Hebrew Bible and the ancient world. Virnelson offers feminist historiographical approaches to the study of the Hebrew Bible and considers how modern ideas and debates about “women's work” influence our understanding of the past. Fruit of Her Hands ultimately emphasizes the need to explore gaps in biblical texts and scholarly knowledge, the paradoxes of women's inclusion and exclusion, and the need to disambiguate the category of “women” in biblical texts and historical reconstructions.

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Athas & Davage (eds.), T&T Clark Handbook to the Masoretic Text

NEW BOOK FROM BLOOMSBURY/T&T CLARK:

T&T Clark Handbook to the Masoretic Text

George Athas (Anthology Editor) , David Davage (Anthology Editor)

Hardback $190.00 $171.00
Ebook (PDF)
$171.00 $136.80
Ebook (Epub & Mobi)
$171.00 $136.80

Product details

Published Jan 22 2026
Format Hardback
Edition 1st
Extent 640
ISBN 9781350082632
Imprint T&T Clark
Dimensions 10 x 7 inches
Series T&T Clark Handbooks
Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing

Description

An extensive, all in one guide to the key features of the most important text type of the Hebrew Bible, the Masoretic Text. The contributors examine all aspects of the Masoretic Text: its origins, transmission, history and textual forms.

The handbook traces the development of the text type from ancient manuscripts found in the Judean Desert, through to the pointed medieval codices and the Second Rabbinic Bible. It outlines the main aspects of ancient and medieval scribal practice, including a brief history of the Tiberian School of scribes, the development of the vowel and cantillation system, introduction to the marginal Masorah notes, and provides descriptions of the major codices. The contributors examine the features of the Masoretic Text in the books of the bible. The volume also includes an extensive bibliography to enable further detailed study.

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Thousands more inscribed ostraca from Athribis (Sohag), Egypt

COPTIC (AND DEMOTIC ETC.) WATCH: Archaeologists Discover 3,000 New Ostraca at Ancient Athribis Site in Egypt. Archaeologists in Egypt have uncovered 3,000 new ostraca at the ancient site of Athribis in Sohag, bringing the total number of inscribed pottery fragments found there to about 43,000 (Bill Giannopoulos, Greek City Times).

Multiple Languages and Scripts

Researchers found that the inscriptions include several ancient writing systems:

60–75% written in Demotic script
15–30% written in Greek
Smaller portions written in Hieratic, Hieroglyphic, Coptic, and Arabic

The oldest texts identified so far include tax receipts written in Demotic script dating to the 3rd century BC, while the most recent inscriptions consist of Arabic labels and notes from the 9th to 11th centuries AD.

Bold font in the original. Last we heard, in 2022, 18,000 inscribed ostraca had been excavated at Athribis. That's about 25,000 found since then.

The ostraca seem to consist mostly of documentary texts. But there are also scribal exercises and texts from temple-related religious activities etc. Quite a haul.

For more on the region of Sohag, where Athribis (Atribis) is located, start here and follow the links.

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Henderson: Defeat and Deliverance: Prefigurements of the Jewish Revolt ... (Brill)

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:

Defeat and Deliverance: Prefigurements of the Jewish Revolt Against Rome in Josephus’ Depictions of Past Invasions of Jerusalem

Series:
Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism, Volume: 220

Author: Jordan Henderson

This monograph examines Josephus’ depictions of foreign invasions of Jerusalem in his Antiquitates Judaicae. These include the invasions of Shishak, Sennacherib, Nebuchadnezzar, Alexander the Great, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, and Pompey the Great. In examining these narratives, the book approaches the Antiquitates Judaicae as an extended “prequel” or backstory to his earlier Bellum Judaicum, examining the ways in which these narratives foreshadow and invite comparisons with his prior account of the war with Rome. The book also explores these narratives within the literary context of the Antiquitates Judaicae as a whole and the ways Josephus’ perceived audience expectations may have influenced his depictions of these events.

Copyright Year: 2026

E-Book (PDF)
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-74579-7
Publication: 29 Sep 2025
EUR €121.00

Hardback
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-74578-0
Publication: 02 Oct 2025
EUR €121.00

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Shibboleth

LOANWORD: Word of the day: Shibboleth (The Economic Times, India).

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Loan closings in antiquity

ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN LAW: “Sealed According to Law”: The First Loan Closings in Antiquity, Part I

In this two-part article, the author presents an overview of what various ancient textual artifacts “remember” about the earliest loan closings known to history and their participants, exploring the commercial lending practices of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, a region often designated by scholars as the “Ancient Near East.” In the first part, published in the February 2026 issue of The Banking Law Journal, the author introduced the topic. Here, the author explores ancient loan documents in depth.

“Sealed According to Law”: The First Loan Closings in Antiquity – Part II

In this two-part article, the author presents an overview of what various ancient textual artifacts “remember” about the earliest loan closings known to history and their participants, exploring the commercial lending practices of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, a region often designated by scholars as the “Ancient Near East.” In the first part, published in the February 2026 issue of The Banking Law Journal, the author introduced the topic. Here, the author explores ancient loan documents in depth.

Reprinted by JDSUPRA. The author, Ed Snow, is "a partner in the Atlanta office of Burr & Forman LLP."

Not mentioned in the summaries, but there is also coverage of evidence from Canaan, ancient Israel, and ancient Judaism.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Dueling Zadokites and Levites?

DR. LENNY PRADO: Ezekiel Demotes the Levites for Idolatry—The Golden Calf Story Ordains Them (TheTorah.com).

Ezekiel portrays the Levites as guilty of leading Israel into idolatry, stripping them of priestly status and reserving the priesthood in the future Temple for the sons of Zadok, בְּנֵי צָדוֹק. In response, Levitical groups preserved alternative traditions, most notably a counter-narrative in the Golden Calf story, where the Levites alone answer Moses’ call to execute the worshippers of the golden calf, and through this act of loyalty to YHWH, receive ordination.

Ah, the Zadokites (and Aaronids) and Levites (and Mushites?). The biblical texts clearly preserve narratives by competing priestly groups, but who exactly was doing what, where, and when remains debated. This essay has good coverage of some of the main issues.

For some PaleoJudaica posts on the mystery of the Zadokite and Levite priestly lines, see here (summarizing the hypothesis of my doctoral supervisor, the late Frank Moore Cross), as well as the links collected here, plus here.

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Jack Russell Lundbom, 1939-2026

SAD NEWS: Jack Russell Lundbom: July 10, 1939 - February 17, 2026.

Kennebunk, Maine - Jack R. Lundbom, a biblical scholar, professor and minister, passed away peacefully on February 17, 2026, at the age of 86. He was surrounded by his wife and children at Southern Maine Medical Center. ...

Between 1988 and 2017, Jack and Linda resided at various universities and institutes around the world while Jack worked on his research and writing. A two-time Fulbright grant recipient, Jack was a strong believer in cultural exchange. He is best known for his three-volume Jeremiah for the Anchor Bible commentary series, and Deuteronomy: A Commentary for the Eerdmans Commentary Collection. The man who told his wife-to-be on their first date that he would someday love to write a book ultimately authored 30, and became known as one of the world’s foremost experts on Jeremiah and the Hebrew Prophets.

Requiescat in pace.

HT reader David Lincicum.

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Another review of Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae. Volume 5

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae, Volume V: Galilaea and Northern Regions (D. Clint Burnett).

Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae, Volume V: Galilaea and Northern Regions. 2 Parts. Edited by Walter Amerling, Hannah M. Cotton, Werner Eck, Avner Ecker, Johannes Heinrichs, Benjamin Isaac, Alla Kushnir-Stein, Jonathan Price, Peter Weiß, Ohad Abudraham, and Ada Yardeni. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2023.

... In short, this new volume, like all the others in the series, is indispensable for those who want to know more about the culture, cultic devotion, and ancient communities that once lived in this part of the Mediterranean World from the time of Alexander the Great to the Arab conquests.

I noted an earlier review of the book here.

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Tohubohu?

SURPRISE LOANWORD: Word of the Day: Tohubohu (The Economic Times, India).

I have never encountered Tohubohu as an English word before, but it is in the OED. It's an archaism. Looks like it was used in the seventeeth through nineteenth centuries.

The word, of course, comes from Hebrew tohu va-bohu (תהו ובהו), translated as "without form and void" in the King James Version of Genesis 1:2. For more on the biblical phrase, see here and here.

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Lendering on that new Syriac (Arabic) world chronicle

MAINZER BEOBACHTER: De Maronitische Wereldkroniek (1) Inleiding.

Jona Lendering has a ten-post blog series on that recently-discovered Arabic translation of a Syriac world chronicle, whose Syriac original seems to have been composed around 700 CE. Jona's introductory post collects a lot of interesting information. The posts are in Dutch, but if you don't know Dutch, Google Translate is your friend.

Background here and here.

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Review of Weitzman, Disasters of Biblical Proportions

H-NET REVIEWS:

Steven Weitzman. Disasters of Biblical Proportions: The Ten Plagues Then, Now, and at the End of the World. Princeton University Press, 2026. 344 p. $29.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-691-27046-3.

Reviewed by David Armstrong (Independent Scholar)

Published on H-Judaic (March, 2026)

Commissioned by Vadim Putzu (Missouri State University)

Steven Weitzman’s Disasters of Biblical Proportions: The Ten Plagues Then, Now, and at the End of the World is both an authoritative reception history of the Ten Plagues narrative (Exod 7-11) as well as a demonstration of the ongoing relevance of biblical studies and comparative religious studies for the modern world. In an age where humanities programs, especially those that center on the study of religion and religious texts, are in jeopardy around the United States, Weitzman shows that the narrative of the Ten Plagues has a colorful history of influence not just across the last two millennia but also contemporaneously, within the living memory of its readers.

[...]

This review includes an insightful discussion of the importance of biblical reception history.

I noted the publication of the book here.

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Some palimpsest news

TECHNOLOGY WATCH: Oldest known star map attributed to Hipparchus discovered beneath Syriac Manuscript (Syriac Press).

In 2022 I noted the discovery of Hipparchus' Star Catalogue in the underlying text of the palimpsest Codex Climaci Rescriptus The manuscript is owned by the Green Collection and normally housed in the Museum of the Bible. This article reports that (some of?) it has been transferred to California for further efforts to recover the Hipparchus text.

Now, several pages of the manuscript are undergoing advanced scanning using a particle accelerator known as a synchrotron at Stanford University’s National Accelerator Laboratory in California. This technology produces ultra-precise X-rays by accelerating electrons to near-light speeds, allowing scientists to detect the chemical composition of different inks without causing any damage to the fragile pages. ...

Moving the manuscript required meticulous procedures. The pages were placed in custom frames within climate-controlled containers and handled manually to prevent damage. Even the lighting in the examination room was carefully adjusted to help preserve the ink.

Despite these efforts, reconstructing the complete star map remains a monumental task. Only eleven pages have been scanned so far, while the full manuscript spans approximately 200 pages scattered across collections and libraries around the world. International collaboration will be essential to gather and study the entire set.

Bit by bit, a letter at a time, whatever it takes. Until we're done.

Cross file under Syriac Watch, Palimpsests, and Lost Books.

On a related note, another page of the Archimedes Palimpsest has been recovered in France:

Lost page of the Archimedes Palimpsest identified in Blois, central France

PaleoJudaica posts on this manuscript are collected here.

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More on the Leeds Carthaginian bus fare

PUNIC WATCH AND NUMISMATICS: 2,000-year-old Phoenician coin was used as bus fare in England, but 'how it got there will always be a mystery' (Kristina Killgrove, Live Science).

But one particular coin intrigued Peter, whose research into the designs on the coin revealed that it was minted more than 2,000 years ago in a Phoenician settlement called Gadir (now known as the city of Cádiz) in Spain's Andalusia region.

This article has some addition historical background on the coin. Technically it is Punic, from a Carthaginian colony in Spain, not Phoenician. Carthage was founded as a colony in North Africa by the Phoenicians, who lived in Lebanon.

I first noted the story here.

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