Monday, August 17, 2026

Talmudic legends about the Roman emperors

TALMUD WATCH: Rome says Nero died. The Talmud gives him a very different ending. Jewish legends recast Rome’s emperors in extraordinary ways, from Nero converting and becoming Rabbi Meir’s ancestor to Titus tormented by a gnat, Hadrian outwitted by rabbis and Antoninus drawn toward Judaism after Rome destroyed Jerusalem (Liran Friedmann, YNetNews).
On June 9, 68 CE, Emperor Nero died outside Rome after being declared a public enemy and abandoned by much of the political establishment. Or did he? Roman historians say yes. Jewish tradition has another version entirely. According to the Babylonian Talmud, Nero did not simply disappear from history. He fled a Roman campaign against Jerusalem, converted to Judaism and eventually became an ancestor of Rabbi Meir, one of the greatest rabbis of the Mishnah.

[...]

The Talmudic story about Nero has come up before, but it's fun to revisit. It is not remotely credible, but the Roman account of his death isn't credible either. For commentary, see here and links.

The stories about the other emperors are similarly not credible but entertaining. For another legend about Yohanan ben Zakkai and Vespasian, see here. For a bit more on the legends about "Antoninus," see here.

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On Hermes Trismegistos and the Sibyls

ETHNIC RELATIONS AND MIGRATION IN THE ANCIENT WORLD: Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Lactantius on the authority of Hermes Trismegistos and the Sibyls (early fourth century CE) (Philip A. Harland).

The Sybilline Oracles and the Sibyl(s) have come up now and then on PaleoJudaica. Some posts are here and links, and here, here, here, and here. And recently (and occasionally earlier) on the ancient Hermetic literature here (cf. here) and Renaissance Hemeticism here.

The late-antique Christian writer Lactantius collected some fascinating ancient traditions about both.

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Papyrus rolls in stone?

VARIANT READINGS: Realistic Renderings of Papyrus Rolls in Stone (Brent Nongbri).
I checked Theodor Birt’s classic book on the depiction of papyrus rolls in art, and he of course also took note of the fine carving of these papyrus rolls:

“The large sarcophagus in the Athens Museum (inv. 1497) is like a marble illustration of Pliny’s account of the manufacture of papyrus: On its lid, a reclining male figure leans with his shoulder against a massive bundle of papyrus rolls, the outer edge of which alone contains no fewer than 18 rolls. These rolls depict the composition of the papyrus in horizontal and vertical strips, rendered with great care. On the rolls located on the back side of the lid, only the vertical strips are visible; on those on the front, both are visible. It was not possible to take a photograph due to the lighting in the room.”1

But the rendering may be even more clever than Birt describes. ...

Indeed. Cross-file under Sculpture.

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Sunday, August 16, 2026

The Book of Joshua (Brill)

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:
The Book of Joshua

Composition, Reception, and Interpretation

Series: Formation and Interpretation of Old Testament Literature, Volume: 203/11
Vetus Testamentum, Supplements, Volume: 203/11

Volume Editors: Lissa M. Wray Beal, Craig A. Evans, and D. Allen Hutchison

The Book of Joshua presents many interpretive challenges. These include its depiction of warfare violence, its engagement with modern archaeological enterprise, its use in colonial expansion, and its insistence on the sole worship of Yahweh in pluralistic religious contexts. The expert contributors to this volume examine such questions and also ground the reader in ongoing scholarly discussion of key issues of composition, genre, theology, and Nachleben. This book serves as a valuable resource for graduate students and scholars alike, presenting a snapshot of the state of Joshua scholarship while opening new avenues for scholarly consideration.

Copyright Year: 2026

E-Book (PDF)
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-75746-2
Publication: 08 Jun 2026
EUR €140.00

Hardback
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-52985-4
Publication: 09 Jul 2026
EUR €140.00

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Saturday, August 15, 2026

Collins, Apocalypticism as a Worldview in Ancient Judaism (Eerdmans)

NEW BOOK FROM EERDMANS:
Apocalypticism as a Worldview in Ancient Judaism
by John J. Collins

Imprint: Eerdmans

192 Pages, 6.00 × 9.00 in

PAPERBACK
9780802885005
Publication Date: June 25, 2026
$27.99
£20.99

EBOOK
9781467469432
Publication Date: June 25, 2026
$27.99
£20.99

DESCRIPTION

How did apocalyptic concerns shape ancient Jewish life and literature?

In this compelling study, renowned scholar John J. Collins examines the apocalyptic worldview that emerged in Jewish thought during the Hellenistic and Greco-Roman periods. He reconstructs this perspective through carefully contextualized readings of ancient Jewish apocalyptic literature.

According to Collins, defining features of the apocalyptic worldview include the desire to grasp history in its entirety; the expectation that history as we know it will come to an end; the use of patterns and images drawn from ancient myths to frame history as something beyond human control; increased interest in the heavens and otherworldly regions; and hope that humans may enjoy eternal life in heaven. As Collins systematically outlines ancient Jewish understandings of time and space, he situates them within broader intellectual currents. Ultimately, he shows that apocalyptic concerns extend beyond specific historical crises to fundamental questions of human mortality and limitation. Addressing the challenge that many Jewish apocalyptic texts survive only in Christian translations, Collins argues persuasively for identifying authentic Jewish layers in this literature, recovering voices that would otherwise remain lost.

This comprehensive study offers fresh perspectives on Jewish apocalyptic literature—and in so doing, reestablishes apocalypticism as a category worthy of sustained scholarly attention. Essential reading for scholars and students in biblical studies.

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Friday, August 14, 2026

The Rosicrucian inflection

THE ANXIOUS BENCH: The Rosicrucians: A 400-Year-Old Hoax That Worked (Philip Jenkins).
To return to the theme of this blog series, the Rosicrucian texts were composed as an authoritative text with scriptural authority. We may not like the word “forged” because that words implies people were meant to take them as literal and factual, and there was never much doubt that readers were assumed to be using the lens of the allegorical and symbolic.

But whatever we think of that distinction, this is undoubtedly an account of the finding of a sacred text concealed in a tomb. And explicitly, we are told that it was placed there to await the days when it could safely be revived, or better, resurrected. In those last times, that scripture would become the charter of a purified mystical Christianity. This is exactly the topos that we have encountered with the other texts that appeared in this brief and incredibly creative period at the start of the seventeenth century.

And does that not also sound precisely like much of the literature that greeted the finding of the Gospel of Thomas in the twentieth century?

In many ways the three foundational Rosicrucian documents represent peak Renaissance techno-Hermeticism. They present apocryphal, deeply symbolic, Vitruvian architecture and venerable, if similarly apocryphal, Hermetic magic, astrology, and elevated alchemy. And, as Prof. Jenkins notes, more than one authoritative apocryphal book.

All this was a novel, and strangely successful way to start a secret society. Annouce that you are in charge of a venerable clandestine fraternity. Invite people to publish applications for admission. And never reply to any of them.

I would post some bibliography, but it looks like Prof. Jenkins will have more to say on the subject. Maybe after that.

This Anxious Bench post is a continuation of Professor Jenkins's Lost and Found Scriptures series. For earlier posts, see here and links.

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Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible

PHILOLOGY: Speaking of Eisenbrauns, at the JewishLink, Mitchell First has a two-part profile of selected words covered in Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible: A Lexicon of Language Contact, by Benjamin Noonan (Eisenbrauns, 2019).

Non-Semitic Loanwords in Tanach

In Noonan’s view, there are over 200 non-Semitic loanwords in Tanach and he discusses each one. You will be very surprised at some of the words he includes. In this column, I am limiting myself to discussing words he included that begin with א (and I have only discussed a small portion of them). About 20% of his entries begin with א.
Non-Semitic Loanwords in Tanach. Part II
In Noonan’s view, there are over 200 non-Semitic loanwords in Tanach and he discusses each one. Last week, I limited myself to discussing words he included that begin with א (and I only discussed a small portion of them). This week, I am surveying ב through ח, and only including a portion of his entries. Note also that most loanwords are nouns.

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New editors for the Eisenbrauns HACL series

CONGRATULATIONS TO ALL INVOLVED: Penn State University Press appoints new editors for Eisenbrauns series.
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — Penn State University Press has announced the appointment of two new series editors for its "History, Archaeology, and Culture of the Levant" series, published under its Eisenbrauns imprint. Deirdre Fulton and Kristine Garroway will serve as the series editors, replacing original and longtime series editors Jeff Blakely and Lawson Younger.

[...]

The press release gives background on the new editors, as well as background on the Eisenbrauns imprint, one of the major publishers for biblical studies and the Ancient Near East.

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Thursday, August 13, 2026

Trump wears an Aramaic Zohar treatise for protection?

APOTROPAIC ARAMAIC: Marla Maples: Trump carries the Zohar over his heart “for protection and healing.” (Tamar Stein, Israel365News).
Marla Maples, Donald Trump’s second wife, revealed in a new interview that the president carries an Aramaic copy of the Zohar’s Book of Pinchas inside his clothing, pressed against his heart. Speaking with Channel 12’s Jonathan Rieger, Maples said the mystical text serves a specific purpose in Trump’s life: “protection and healing.”

[...]

There is a pocket edition of Zohar treatise Pinchas in the original Aramaic, sold for just this purpose.

Cross-file under Aramaic Watch, Zohar Watch, and Politics.

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Gemstones are divine

PROF. ILONA N. RASHKOW: Gemstones of the Gods: The Symbolism of the High Priest’s Breastpiece (TheTorah.com).
Ezekiel pictures Eden as a garden filled with precious stones—the same stones that adorn the high priest’s breastpiece. Across the ancient Near East, gods inhabit a world of jewel-bearing trees, gemstone mountains, and temples of lapis and gold. By wearing these stones when he enters YHWH’s sanctuary, the high priest dresses for the divine realm.

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Antiquities looting charges in Hadera Court

APRREHENDED AND INDICTED: IAA files indictment against two Fureidis residents caught carrying illegally excavated artifacts. Distelfeld and the other officials found a total of 13 ancient bronze coins, three ancient bronze items, two ancient lead items, and another 14 unidentified metal objects in the suspects' possession (Yoav Etiel, Jerusalem Post).
The two were in the midst of an illegal excavation of the site when they were discovered by the IAA, an INPA inspector, and a local security guard. Several pieces of ancient pottery had been shattered, and layers of earth had been disturbed during the suspects’ excavation.

While transporting the suspects to the police station, a rocket siren sounded, forcing the police officers and IAA inspectors to stop and take shelter with the apprehended suspects, as well as other civilians, until the Home Front Command issued an all-clear alert.

I remember this incident from last March, but it looks like I didn't report on it. There are so many antiquities looting arrests it is difficult to keep track of them.

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Wednesday, August 12, 2026

Are Jeremiah's false prophet opponents imaginary?

THE BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION:
Who Are the “False Prophets” in the Book of Jeremiah?

The book of Jeremiah brims with scathing denunciations of what it casts as “false prophecy.” Scholars have long sought to reconstruct the historical realities presumed to stand behind Jeremianic discourse about prophetic conflict. The study of inner-biblical interpretation provides a productive new lens through which to reassess the problem. The “false prophets” are best understood as Jeremiah’s imagined exegetical opponents—exegetical inventions and products of scribal inner-biblical interpretation. This new approach throws into sharper relief the richness and sophistication of the exegetical imagination in ancient Israel.

See also Prophetic Conflict and Scribal Culture: Ancient Exegetical Imagination in the Book of Jeremiah (De Gruyter, 2026).

By Olga Fabrikant-Burke
University of Cambridge
Ridley Hall, Cambridge
Tutor in Old Testament
August 2026

This is a very interesting argument and it may be right. But I can think of some other possible explanations for the overlaps and interactions between Jeremiah's and Hananiah's oracles. Hananiah may indeed have been interacting with Jeremiah's orally-presented oracles. Or, vice-versa, Jeremiah with Hananiah's. They could be going back and forth. Or both could be drawing on current prophetic rhetorical conventions and using them in different ways. Or some combination of the above. Or some combination of the above with subsequent scribal touching up.

Perhaps the author addresses some of these points in her book, which I have not read. (Cross-file under New Book.)

Her argument underlines a point we should always keep in mind. None of our manuscripts of the books of the Hebrew Bible are at all close to any putative autograph text.* And there is a lot of evidence for active scribal tampering in the manuscripts we have. Any attempt to reconstruct an historical Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, or original text of other books, need to keep this point firmly in mind.

*Yes, I know the Book of Daniel is an exception. Arguably our earliest (fragmentary Qumran) manuscripts were written withing living memory of the original circulation of the book, perhaps even soon after. But the Old Greek version gives us good reason to think that what we have in the Masoretic Text has already been subject to considerable scribal intervention.

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Most of Egypt's antiquities remain to be uncovered?

EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY: Only 30% of Egypt's antiquities uncovered, more discoveries await-official (Egyptian State Information Service).
Egypt has uncovered only about 30% of its archaeological heritage, with vast historic treasures from successive civilizations still buried beneath its soil, Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Hisham El-Leithy said on Tuesday, July 7, 2026.

[...]

I would have thought that Egypt was among the most archaeological explored places in the world. Perhaps even the very most. Yet 70% of its antiquities remain to be discovered? The claim is surprising, but the discovery pace in the last few years offers it some support. Examples noted here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

The other extremely thoroughly archaeologically explored region that comes immediately to mind is, of course, the Land of Israel. How many of its antiquities remain to be discovered? Many, I hope.

For related reflections see here and here and links.

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Tuesday, August 11, 2026

Review of Gradel & Pedersen ,The Lost Novel of King Solomon and the Demons

THE APOCRYPHICITY BLOG: Book Review: The Lost Novel of King Solomon and the Demons (Tony Burke).
Gradel and Pedersen have made an important contribution to the study of TSol. While The Lost Novel has a few idiosyncrasies (most notably the juxtaposition of the literary qualities of Proto-TSol and TSol), it is carefully argued and clearly written. I think the arguments for an early novelistic account of Solomon and the demons could be made without appeal to the rings, but they are a fascinating example of the interplay between apocryphal texts and material culture.
I noted the publication of the book here, with a bit of commentary and a link to previous posts on the Testament of Solomon. I could have flagged posts on Solomonic artifacts here and here. If I had looked more closely I would have seen that the already-published rings are discussed in chapter 8 in the latter volume.

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The ABCs of West Bank areas

POLITICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY: Explaining the West Bank Map: What Are Areas A, B and C? (Linda Dayan, Haaretz).
The fragmented areas were created by the Oslo Accords in 1993 as a temporary measure to divide control between Israel and the Palestinians. More than 30 years later, the system remains in place
The alphabet areas are about governance in general, not just archaeology. But they come up all the time in stories about West Bank archaeology. It's good to have this overview of what they mean.

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Anything left to say about the Shroud of Turin?

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: The Shroud of Turin: Anything Left to Say? The history of Christianity’s most controversial relic (Andrea Nicolotti).
Understandably, the authenticity discussion has almost completely stalled out. With no new data to consider and the two camps entrenched in their positions, is there anything left to say about the Shroud? If we do not want to engage in the fight over its authenticity, is the Shroud still an object deserving of further study?
This BHD essay is concerned with the reception history of the Shroud and does not take a position on its authenticity.

For many PaleoJudaica posts on the Shroud of Turin, some of which note arguments in favor of or against its authenticity, start here and follow the links. The vast majority of scholarship views it as a medieval forgery.

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