Does the Torah suppress God's kingship?

ROSH HASHANAH IS COMING: Rosh Hashanah: Why the Torah Suppresses God’s Kingship (Prof. Israel Knohl, TheTorah.com).

Several biblical passages imply that God was ritually enthroned as king during the new year celebrations. In the Torah itself, however, this is suppressed. God as king appears only in three ancient poetic passages, never in the Torah’s prose or laws, including in its description of Rosh Hashanah.

I would say "downplays" rather than "suppresses," since the concept does appear in some poetic passages. But I take his point. This essay presents some interesting, if speculative, ideas about the origins of Rosh HaShanah, the Jewish new year (which commences this year on the evening of Sunday, 9 September). [Original incorrect date corrected. Sorry about that!]

I have posted some similar, and similarly speculative, thoughts on Rosh HaShanah and Yom Kippur here and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

How tall were biblical giants?

IN REMNANT OF GIANTS, Deane Galbraith has collected some data on the height of biblical giants:

The True Height of Goliath. Goliath was a big guy, but how big exactly? Reports vary.

How tall were the biblical giants? Comparative height chart. Og the giant was a very big guy. There's much more on Og here and links.

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Peleg, Going Up and Going Down

NEW BOOK FROM BLOOMSBURY:

Going Up and Going Down
A Key to Interpreting Jacob's Dream (Gen 28.10-22)

By: Yitzhak (Itzik) Peleg

Published: 07-26-2018
Format: Paperback
Edition: 1st
Extent: 312
ISBN: 9780567672445
Imprint: T&T Clark
Series: The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies
Volume: 609
Dimensions: 6 1/8" x 9 1/4"
List price: $33.95
Online price: $30.56
Save $3.40 (10%)

About Going Up and Going Down
In Going Up and Going Down Yitzhak Peleg argues that the story of Jacob's dream (Genesis 28.10-22), functions as a mise en abyme ('as a figure, trope or structure that somehow reflects in compact form, in miniature, the larger structure in which it appears', Greenstein). Close examination reveals that focusing on the vision of Jacob's dream and understanding it as a symbolic dream facilitates an explanation of the dream and its meaning.

Scholars have historically classified the dream as theophany, the purpose of which is to explain how Beth-El became a sacred place, and as such the vision in Jacob's dream is generally accepted as merely ornamental, or even lacking a message in itself. Whilst Peleg does not contradict or seek to go against identification of the dream as theophany, he sees a more nuanced purpose behind its presentation. Peleg's proposal is that the description of the vision, and especially that of the movement of the angels, is not embellishment, supplementation or scenic background, of God's message, but that it directly symbolizes the path taken by the Patriarchs to and from the Promised Land. Furthermore, the narrative context and visual description in the dream in which 'Angels of God were going up and down it' appears when Jacob is on his way to Harran, that is to say, when he is about to leave Israel.

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Moster on fruit in the Bible

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Fruit in the Bible (David Moster). That is, literary and cultural uses of fruit in the Bible.

While these eight categories are neither rigid nor mutually exclusive, they illustrate the diverse treatment of fruit in the Hebrew Bible. Fruit was much more than a food for the ancient Israelites. It was a symbol that appeared prominently in the culture’s names, laws, proverbs and traditions.

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More on the Maresha Bullae

ICONOGRAPHIC DISCOVERY: 1,020 untouched clay sealings discovered after two millennia in hidden cave. A find of international significance in central Israel, the Hellenistic-era trove puts the ancient cosmopolitan city of Maresha ‘back on the map’ (Amanda Borschel-Dan, Times of Israel).

An enormous trove of 2,000-year-old clay seal impressions was chanced upon in August during exploration of a newly discovered seven-room cave complex at the ancient city of Maresha, part of the Bet Guvrin-Maresha National Park in central Israel.

While attempting to photograph the new subterranean complex, archaeologist Dr. Ian Stern and his photographer son, Asaf Stern, discovered an exciting cache of clay impressions (bullae) littered among millennia-old smashed large jars on a small cave’s floor.

[...]

This article has a few new details on the find, including a preliminary answer to my query yesterday whether any had writing on them:

The Israel Antiquities Authority’s head of the Coin Department, Dr. Donald Ariel, conducted a preliminary survey of 300 of the fragile, as yet unwashed clay sealings.

An international expert in the field, Ariel determined that they primarily date from the 2nd century BCE and depicted images of gods, including Athena, Aphrodite, and Apollo, as well as erotic themes, masks, standing figures, and cornucopia. There were a few with Greek letters and numbers indicating dates, but as yet none of the sealings were seen to bear other written inscriptions.

Background here.

UPDATE: Joseph Lauer has directed me to the HUC-JIR press release that is the main source for both articles.

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Clearing antiquities from Leviathan's path

MARINE SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY: Scuba diving archaeologists find ancient marine relics from a 5,000-year-old port at site where Israel's Leviathan pipeline will be built (Harry Pettit, Daily Mail).

Scuba diving archaeologists are scouring the seabed where a gas pipeline is being built off Israel's coast in a bid to preserve ancient relics.

The area lies near a 5,000-year-old port which once was a key trade hub for the Mediterranean's ancient civilisations.

Scientists say the vestiges of marine traders throughout the ages - from the Phoenicians to the Romans - lie hidden beneath the seabed at the port of Dor.

They have already found earthenware jugs, anchors and the remains of wrecked ships, setting new guidelines for similar future projects.

[...]

As usual, the Mail has some good photos. I was an assistant square supervisor back at Tel Dor in 1984-85 when I was a PhD student. Kurt Raveh was there then too, although I don't think we ever actually met. It was a big excavation.

Some past posts on Tel Dor are here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

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A dismembered LXX Exodus manuscript

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: A Manuscript of Exodus Wandering in the Wilderness (Brent Nongbri). The manuscript of the Gospel of Judas was part of a cache of manuscripts which included a Greek copy of the Book of Exodus.

The situation is, to put it mildly, not ideal. From the leaves of the codex that have been studied and published, it is evident that the book preserves a distinctive type of text for Exodus that has been only minimally harmonized with the Masoretic Text. From a text critical standpoint, the codex is thus quite important. Nevertheless, to draw on Petrie’s observations, this artifact has not only been murdered, it has also been dismembered. Any contextual knowledge about where and when this text was used has been lost. And that loss of knowledge does not even begin to touch upon the cultural heritage issues at stake with an Egyptian artifact whose history cannot be reliably traced prior to the early 1980s.

Dr. Nongbri's book, God's Library, was published last month. Regular PaleoJudaica readers are familiar with his blog, Variant Readings. Past posts on the Gospel of Judas are here and many links.

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Rahlfs 967 (LXX)

THE ETC BLOG: Rahlfs 967 of the Kölner Papyri of the Institute of Ancient History at the University of Cologne (John Meade).

I am researching the reception history of Esther in early Jewish and Christian sources and have come to Rahlfs 967 (2nd/3rd), a papyrus MS containing (with lacunae) Ezekiel (pp. 10–61), Daniel (pp. 62–93r), Bel et Draco (pp. 93v–95), Susanna (pp. 96–98), and Esther (pp. 99–109).

[...]

With photos!

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So many bullae at Maresha!

DISCOVERY: Hundreds of Hellenistic-Period seal impressions discovered at Maresha Israel. The ancient city of Maresha (located next to Beth Guvrin) contains some of the richest archaeological finds in Israel from the Hellenistic Period (ca. 3-2nd centuries BCE) (Heritage Daily). Last month excavators found more than a thousand bullae (clay seal impressions) at Maresha:

One of the world’s leading experts on such bullae, Dr. Donald Ariel of the Israel Antiquities Authority, examined a batch of 300. The images on the sealings include Greek deities such as Athena, Apollo, and Aphrodite as well as cornucopia, erotica, animals, and more. His initial impression is that the bullae represent a very large private archive. These bullae can now be added to the wealth of finds and the hundreds of inscriptions in Greek and Aramaic, discovered at Maresha, which have already riveted the attention of scholars throughout the world. Maresha is our richest source for understanding the multicultural world of Hellenistic Israel. This latest sublime discovery will take several years to catalogue and analyze. Stay tuned for future developments!

There is no mention of any of the new bullae being inscribed with writing, but we don't have a full account yet.

I see that I have blogged on Maresha a number of times (posts collected here), notably on the Greek inscription of Heliodorus found there. See here and here and links. But I mainly remembered the site from a lecture I heard by Michael Langlois a couple of years ago on his work on the Aramaic ostraca recovered there. See here, here, and here for a bit more on that.

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Methuselah has company

UPDATE ON METHUSELAH THE MASADA DATE PALM: Could a Tree Grown from an Ancient Seed in Israel Help Cure Diseases in the Future? (Avi Jorisch, The Tower). Regular PaleoJudaica readers will be familiar with the story of the recovery of date palm seeds from the Masada excavation and the success in getting one, dubbed "Methuselah," to grow in 2004. If you need a recap, this article retells the story. But now there's more:

As for Methuselah, there is a problem: Because he is a male, he will only produce pollen. His female counterparts produce the fruit. The good news is that [agricultural expert Dr. Elaine] Solowey has managed to repeat her success with six more date seeds. In the next few years, she should know if she has successfully planted a female date palm for Methuselah to pollinate.

There's more in the article, so do read it all. But this news caught my eye. I hope that Dr. Solowey and her team are successful in recreating a mate for Methuselah.

Past posts on Methuselah are here and links.

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The "Zoo Rabbi" on whether swordfish are kosher

CULINARY TRADITION: Swordfish: A Kashrus Tale Of Legends (Rabbi Dr. Natan Slifkin, The Jewish Press).

The Talmud (Chullin 66b) and Tosefta (Chullin 3:27) mention a fish called achsaftias as being kosher. The word achsaftias is not Hebrew or Aramaic; it is an Aramaicized version of a Greek word. This appears to be the Greek word xiphias, which refers to the swordfish (based on the Greek xiphos, which refers to a sword). From the outset, then, there is reason to believe the swordfish is the achsaftias of the Talmud and is kosher.

The swordfish, Xiphius gladius, is one of a group of large predatory fishes with swordlike projections known as billfish. Other billfish are several species of marlin, sailfish, and spearfish (which have relatively short bills). But whereas the bills of other billfish are round in cross-section – like spears – that of swordfish are flat in cross-section, like swords. Accordingly, any reference to a fish named “sword” presumably refers to the swordfish.

Furthermore swordfish are by far the most common of all billfish species in the Mediterranean. If swordfish weren’t kosher, the Talmud would not describe another billfish as kosher and mislead people into thinking it was talking about the more common swordfish.

But then there's the matter of its scales, which is complicated.

Rabbi Dr. Slifkin, a.k.a. "the Zoo Rabbi," is curator of the Biblical Museum of Natural History in Beit Shemesh, Israel. Past PaleoJudaica posts on him and the Museum are here and links.

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Aitken and Marlow (eds.), The City in the Hebrew Bible

NEW BOOK FROM BLOOMSBURY:

The City in the Hebrew Bible
Critical, Literary and Exegetical Approaches

Editor(s): James K Aitken, Hilary F. Marlow

Published: 08-23-2018
Format: Hardback
Edition: 1st
Extent: 264
ISBN: 9780567678904
Imprint: T&T Clark
Series: The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies
Volume: 672
Dimensions: 6 1/8" x 9 1/4"
List price: $114.00
Online price: $102.60
Save $11.40 (10%)

About The City in the Hebrew Bible
These essays explore the idea of the city in the Hebrew Bible by means of thematic and textual studies. The essays are united by their portrayal of how the city is envisaged in the Hebrew Bible and how the city shapes the writing of the literature considered. In its conceptual framework the volume draws upon a number of other disciplines, including literary studies, urban geography and psycho-linguistics, to present chapters that stimulate further discussion on the role of urbanism in the biblical text.

The introduction examines how cities can be conceived and portrayed, before surveying recent studies on the city and the Hebrew Bible. Chapters then address such issues as the use of the Hebrew term for 'city', the rhythm of the city throughout the biblical text, as well as reflections on textual geography and the work of urban theorists in relation to the Song of Songs. Issues both ancient and modern, historical and literary, are addressed in this fascinating collection, which provides readers with a multi-faceted and interdisciplinary view of the city in the Hebrew Bible.

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The fire in Brazil's National Museum

THE ETC BLOG: Tragedy at the Brazil National Museum (Peter Gurry). No doubt you have heard about the terrible fire that destroyed the National Museum of Brazil on Sunday night. This is a catastrophic loss for the history of Brazil and, indeed, for world history. I am relieved to hear, though, that no one seems to have been injured in the blaze.

Dr. Gurry has linked to some information, posted by Dr. Peter Williams, on Hebrew manuscripts in the museum and its Egyptian collection. They are all presumed lost – with one exception. And here we have one other piece of good news. A medieval Torah scroll in the collection contributed in the 1860s by D. Pedro II, second Emperor of Brazil, was away from the museum for restoration and is safe:

Medieval Torah scroll safe from fire that engulfed Brazil museum. 13th-century Yemenite Torah, once owned by emperor Pedro II, had been removed for restoration before blaze (Marcus M. Gilbam, JTA via Times of Israel).

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Infertility in the Bible

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: What Does the Bible Say About Infertility? Placing the command to “be fruitful and multiply” in context,

Learn more about Biblical infertility in Joel S. Baden and Candida R. Moss’s Biblical Views column “Reevaluating Biblical Infertility” in the September/October 2017 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review and in their recent book Reconceiving Infertility: Biblical Perspectives on Procreation and Childlessness (2015).

This BHD essay is a summary of their BAR column. The column itself is behind the subscription wall.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

The othering of Laban

NAOMI GRAETZ: Arami Oved Avi: The Demonization of Laban (TheTorah.com).

The rabbis translate the phrase ארמי אובד אבי in Deuteronomy 26:5 “an Aramean tried to destroy my father” and understand it as a reference to Laban, who they claim was worse than Pharaoh. But whereas the biblical Laban can be read either sympathetically or unsympathetically, he is hardly a Pharaoh-like villain, so why demonize him?

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Touraj (ed.), Sasanian Iran in the context of Late Antiquity

BIBLIOGRAPHIA IRANICA: Sasanian Iran in the context of Late Antiquity. Notice of a new book: Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). 2018. Sasanian Iran in the context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari lecture series at the Oxford University (Ancient Iran Series VI). Irvine: Jordan Center for Persian Studies.

An understanding of the Sasanian period is important for understanding Judaism in late antiquity, notably the Babylonian Talmud. See here and here and links.

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The Talmud on meal offerings and salt

THIS WEEK'S DAF YOMI COLUMN BY ADAM KIRSCH IN TABLET: Salt Bae. In this week’s ‘Daf Yomi’ Talmud study, the rabbis debate the use of the flavor-enhancing mineral in sacrificial offerings. Plus: Why wood needs to be sprinkled with salt before it is burned—over wood. Salt is important. But how important?

Earlier Daf Yomi columns are noted here and links.

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American Veterans Archaeological Recovery (AVAR)

ARCHAEOLOGICAL THERAPY: U.S. veterans use archaeology to dig through trauma in Israel. "Because of their separation from the military culture, a lot of them are really isolated" (Paul Goldman and Francis Whittaker, NBC News).

Stephen Humphreys, a former U.S. Air Force aircraft maintenance officer, heads up the program. He served in the military for six-and-a-half years, before going back to college to become an archaeologist.

[...]

Humphreys hopes that the program won’t just give veterans an “amazing transformative experience to bond together again,” but also bring potential employment opportunities in the field.

AVAR works with specialists from the University of Haifa’s Zinman Institute of Archaeology, including Dr. Adi Erlich, who is in charge of the excavation at Beit She’arim, a site rich in history.

“Ancient Beit She’arim was a major Jewish town in Galilee during the Roman and Byzantine periods,” Erlich said.

The site was the hometown of Rabbi Judah — a major Jewish leader in the late second and early third centuries — whose burial place became a famous necropolis.

Past PaleoJudaica posts on Beit She'arim (Beith Shearim) are here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Criticism of the World Creation Concert at the Ophel Garden

TEMPLE MOUNT WATCH: Israel Antiquities Archaeologist Attacks World Creation Concert: The Kotel Isn’t a Bar Mitzvah Hall (David Israel, The Jewish Press).

Yuval Baruch, Jerusalem District archaeologist for the Israel Antiquities Authority, on Sunday told Ha’aretz he’s had it up to here with people using state archaeological sites to run their private events. Ha’aretz quoted him regarding an upcoming, unique event: a celebration of the Creation of the World.

[...]

The Haaretz article is a premium one, so I haven't read it. If you want to, it's here. I'm saving my six free ones this month for something more interesting. But this piece seems to summarize its main contents.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Israel using UNESCO dues for Hebron Jewish heritage

REROUTED FUNDING: ISRAEL TO DEVELOP HEBRON HERITAGE WITH UNESCO CASH. Israel and the United States stopped paying their UNESCO dues in 2011, after the organization became the first UN organ to recognize Palestine as a member state (Tovah Lazaroff, Jerusalem Post).

The government is set to fund increased development of Hebron’s Jewish heritage, with money it saved by not paying its annual dues to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

The cabinet is expected to vote Wednesday to reallocate NIS 3.5 million of what it would have spent on UNESCO dues in 2017 to the Ministry of Jerusalem and Heritage, with specific instruction to spend it on development of Jewish heritage sites in Hebron.

[...]

Background on the falling out of UNESCO with Israel and the U.S.A. is here and links. For the UNESCO resolution on the Cave of the Patriarchs mentioned in the article, see here and links.

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More Elman tributes

THE LEHRHAUS: Lo Alman Yisrael: Reflections on the Legacy of Yaakov Elman.

His passing spurred two events hosted at Yeshiva University’s Jerusalem and Manhattan campuses to mark his sheloshim (thirty days to his passing). The Lehrhaus has decided to publish several of these talks, which are linked below.

There are tributes by David Berger, Shana Strauch Schick, Mahnaz Moazami, Meira Wolkenfeld, Shlomo Zuckier, and Richard Hidary.

HT AJR. Background here and links.

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Universalism and Joseph and Aseneth

THE BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION:

Beyond “Universalism versus Particularism” in the Study of Ancient Judaism and Christianity: A Note on Aseneth[1]

The story devises what we might call a “strategy” of gentile inclusion, providing a synthetic argument in favor of gentile incorporation through its creative appropriation of theological language from Jewish scriptures. The text fashions Israel’s “living God” as the universal, life-giving, creator God who may bestow (new) life to all creatures, including those originally excluded.

See Also: Arguing with Aseneth: Gentile Access to Israel’s Living God in Jewish Antiquity (Oxford University Press, 2018).

By Jill Hicks-Keeton
Assistant Professor of Religious Studies
University of Oklahoma
August 2018

For my part, I remain unconvinced that Joseph and Aseneth is a first-century Jewish work rather than a late-antique Christian one. It could be either. Or something else. Therefore I am hesitant about any argument that uses it as a basis for evaluating universalism in ancient Judaism. I have more comments on the question of the provenance of the work here.

Then again, I have not read Dr. Hicks-Keaton's book. Perhaps it would persuade me. I noted the publication of the book here and a related (and relevant) article here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Lydia and Tabitha

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Lydia and Tabitha in the Bible. Women leaders in the early Christian church (Megan Sauter). This essay is a summary of a BAR Biblical Views column from a couple of years ago: “Tabitha and Lydia—Models of Early Christian Women Leaders” by Teresa Calpino in the July/August 2016 issue. The column itself is behind the subscription wall.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Biblical Studies Carnival 150

KEVIN TURNER: Biblical Studies Carnival 150. Welcome to the August 2018 Biblical Studies Carnival. Also, Phil Long continues to be short of volunteers to host Biblical Studies Carnivals after next month. If you are interested, drop him a note.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Criticisms of the MOTB's use of Jewish tradition

CANDIDA MOSS AND JOEL BADEN: How the Museum of the Bible Exploits Jewish Tradition—And Saves Its Evangelical Christian Donors Millions. Thousands of Torah scrolls bought by wealthy evangelicals are not just being mishandled and used to boost Christian beliefs, but exploited as a multi-million dollar tax write-off (The Daily Beast).

For many past PaleoJudaica posts on the MOTB, see here and links, here, and here.

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Laato, The Origin of Israelite Zion Theology

NEW BOOK FROM BLOOMSBURY:

The Origin of Israelite Zion Theology

By: Antti Laato

Published: 07-12-2018
Format: Hardback
Edition: 1st
Extent: 352
ISBN: 9780567680020
Imprint: T&T Clark
Series: The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies
Volume: 661
Dimensions: 6 1/8" x 9 1/4"
List price: $128.00
Online price: $115.20
Save $12.80 (10%)

About The Origin of Israelite Zion Theology
In this examination of Zion theology and how it arises in the book of Psalms Antti Laato's starting-point is that the Hebrew Bible is the product of the exilic and postexilic times, which nonetheless contains older traditions that have played a significant role in the development of the text. Laato seeks out these older mythical traditions related to Zion using a comparative methodology and looking at Biblical traditions alongside Ugaritic texts and other ancient Near Eastern material. As such Laato provides a historical background for Zion theology which he can apply more broadly to the Psalms.

In addition, Laato argues that Zion-related theology in the Psalms is closely related to two events recounted in the Hebrew Bible. First, the architectural details of the Temple of Solomon (1 Kings 6-7), which can be compared with older mythical Zion-related traditions. Second, the religious traditions related to the reigns of David and Solomon such as the Ark Narrative, which ends with David's transfer of the Ark to Jerusalem (2 Sam 6). From this Laato builds an argument for a possible setting in Jerusalem at the time of David and Solomon for the Zion theology that emerges in the Psalms.

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Weinfeld, Early Jewish Liturgy (in Hebrew)

ON SALE FROM MAGNES PRESS:

Early Jewish Liturgy
From Psalms to the Prayers in Qumran and Rabbinic Literature

By Moshe Weinfeld

Purchase options: Price Site price
Printed book $ 30.30 $ 16.00
Online book & Download $ 22.73
Online book for libraries

This book is on sale!
Rosh Hashanah Sale
Publisher: The Hebrew University Magnes Press
Categories:
Prayers, Poetry and Piyutim, Jewish Studies, Talmud, Ancient East
Publish date: April 2004
Language: Hebrew
Danacode: 45-101100
ISBN: 965-493-192-3
Cover: Hardcover
Pages: 300
Format: 24x17 cm
Weight: 620 gr.

This book contains articles written by Moshe Weinfeld about Early Jewish Liturgy and examines the development of Jewish prayer throughout time.

This is by no means a new book. It was published in 2004. But I haven't mentioned it before and Magnes Press has it in its Rosh HaShanah sale. For you, special deal!

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Nakhai, "How to Avoid Gender-Based Hostility During Fieldwork"

THE BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION:

How to Avoid Gender-Based Hostility During Fieldwork

This article appeared in the Chronicle of Higher Education July 15, 2018

See Also: On the Professional Advancement of Women in Near Eastern Archaeology

Survey on Field Safety: Middle East, North Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin

By Beth Alpert Nakhai
Arizona Center for Judaic Studies
University of Arizona
August 2018

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