Thursday, July 02, 2026

Turbo footnotes in the Victorian era

THE ANXIOUS BENCH: On Gnostics, Essenes, Footnotes, And The History Of Reading (Philip Jenkins).
I have been working on the discovery of alternative scriptures in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the process, I have learned a lot more than I ever knew about ancient movements like the Gnostics, but some of my interesting “finds” have actually been about the era that was doing the discovery, and what we would consider the very different ways in which academics recorded and presented information. To put it simply, the Victorian scholarly book was a very different object from anything we might recognize today, and you might even need a user’s guide to get the best value out of any example that you might ever need for your research. Here is that guide. You’re welcome.

[...]

With marvelous examples from Lightfoot's commentary on Colossians and Philemon.

I wonder if in the Victorian era the pace of scholarship was slow enough that Lightfoot and his contemporaries just assumed scholars could read everything that was written. Or maybe they just wrote for themselves and it was their readers' problem to find what to take away.

Scholars do still produce turbo footnotes, if not as many as in the old days. But no one assumes that specialists read everything, and much current scholarship is scarcely read at all.

I think this AB post still counts, in a footnotey way, as a continuation of Professor Jenkins's Lost and Found Scriptues series. For earlier posts, see here and links.

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Did Joseph have a wife (wives?) before Mary?

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: The Question of Mary’s Perpetual Virginity. Considering the brothers and sisters of Jesus with Helen Bond (Lauren K. McCormick).
These two strands of evidence suggest a scenario where young Mary entered an existing household, perhaps helping to raise the eventual brothers and sisters of Jesus who were not her own biological kin, in a common circumstance of the ancient world. The Gospels plainly present Mary as a virgin at the time of Jesus’s conception, and centuries of later theology were built around the question of whether she remained a virgin perpetually. Mark 6:3 and Matthew 13:55–56 do not share that interest and instead focus on identifying the members of Jesus’s family.
This essay summarizes a BAR article by Helen Bond which is behind the subscription wall.

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The first complete French translation of the Talmud

TALMUD WATCH: The first complete French translation of the Talmud is complete. The complete translation project of the Talmud was launched at the residence of the President in the presence of President Herzog and businessman and philanthropist Patrick Drahi (i24News).
In a ceremony at the President's Residence in Jerusalem on Wednesday, Israel marked the completion and publication of the first full French translation of the Babylonian Talmud. The project is based on the landmark commentary of the late Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz and funded by the Patrick and Lina Drahi Foundation.

The date was not chosen by coincidence. The ceremony fell on the 9th of Tammuz, exactly 782 years after the Paris Disputation of 1242, which ended with King Louis IX ordering the burning of thousands of Talmud volumes and Jewish manuscripts in the city's public square. Marking the launch on that same date was a deliberate act of historical closure.

[...]

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Wednesday, July 01, 2026

More on the "Tracing Scribes and Scrolls" project

RESEARCH FUNDING: EU Funding Huge Project on the Origins of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Dead Sea Scrolls were written over centuries, and now fresh analysis may shed light on material origins. How does the Egyptian papyrus industry come into the story? (Ruth Schuster, Haaretz).
In short, the new analyses of papyrus, parchment and ink adding to the growing body of paleographic studies of handwriting, codicological analysis of the physical construction of the scrolls as well as linguistic and literary evidence will hopefully suss out the source of the material for the scrolls, and possibly unveil connections between remote centers of scribal activity.
I noted this project award a couple of days ago here. But this Haaretz article has lots of additional details.

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A new excavation at the Iron Age II eastern Ophel in Jerusalem

TEMPLE MOUNT (CORNER) WATCH: Why Excavate Area E on Jerusalem’s Ophel? The next opportunity to reveal Jerusalem’s royal quarter (BRENT NAGTEGAAL, Armstrong Institute of Biblical Archaeology).
And it is here at the eastern Ophel, just 20 meters (66 feet) from the southeast corner of the Temple Mount, that an incredible opportunity for excavation has opened up—an opportunity that those of us at the Armstrong Institute of Biblical Archaeology are excited to take advantage of this summer under the direction of Hebrew University professor Yosef Garfinkel.

Why are we so excited for the opening of this new area, and what do we expect from the upcoming excavation? ...

Putting all the facts together, the archaeological opportunity of Area E to yield findings from Jerusalem’s royal quarter of biblical lore is unmatched. Area E is a potential archaeological gold mine—a gem, largely untouched and undisturbed. Yet while the expectation is to find high preservation from the First Temple Period, there are always archaeological surprises along the way, and all periods will be treated with equal archaeological care.

The chance to excavate Area E is not an opportunity that comes along very often. This is a location just inside the fortification line of Jerusalem’s royal quarter, where kings of the Bible once roamed, along with priests and prophets. As we have learned over the past 60 years of on-and-off excavation, the Ophel, the First Temple Period remains further up the hill—near the crest—did not endure the throes of Jerusalem’s cycle of destruction and rebuilding. It is only here, in the very eastern Ophel, that the royal quarter from King Solomon and every king thereafter can be viewed. No wonder Eilat Mazar was excited to excavate there.

For archaeology nerds, this article covers Area E and its context in great detail.

For many PaleoJudaica posts on the Hezekiah and Isaiah bullae, start here and follow the links. Posts on some of the other discoveries at the late Prof. Mazar's Ophel exavation are collected here. A more recent Ophel discovery is noted here.

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Gardner, The Letters of Mani (OUP)

BIBLOGRAPHIA IRANICA: The Letters of Mani. Notice of a New Book: Gardner, Iain. 2026. The Letters of Mani. A Lost Scripture of the Late Antique World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

This is an important contribution, involving reassembling what's left of Mani's letters from fragmentary sources in many languages. Similar to our project of reconstructing the Book of Giants in MOTP2.

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Tuesday, June 30, 2026

A literal "hair of the dog" remedy from Ugarit?

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Nursing a Hangover in the Biblical World. A “hair of the dog” remedy from Ugarit (Lauren K. McCormick).
Remarkably, a Late Bronze Age (c. 1550–1200 BCE) Ugaritic text (KTU 1.114) mentions dog hair in a medico-mythological context. The writing centers on a night of drinking at an ancient banquet called the mrzḥ. Does this coupling of dog hair and hangovers mean ancient people arrived at the same idea as many modern drinkers—that a hangover is best nursed with more alcohol?
The BHD essay has a link to the full underlying article by Silas Vermilya. Cross-file under Ugaritic Watch.

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The Hexapla Institute reloaded

THE ETC BLOG: The Hexapla Institute Relaunched (John Meade).
The Hexapla Institute was founded in 2001 to publish a “Field for the Twenty-First Century.” Over the past 25 years, the Institute has made certain but limited progress, publishing only one of its volumes (Job 22–42) during this time, even though several dissertations were completed on Genesis, Numbers, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, and Job. The progress has been slow due to the project’s lack of funding and editors who are already heavily committed to other academic projects (all routine challenges and difficulties for academic projects of this sort). Below is a brief update on what’s the same and what exciting new developments are on the horizon.

[...]

I noted the work of the Hexapla Institute here back in 2011. I'm glad to hear it is relaunching. It seems that its fate now rests with the IRS.

For more on Origen and his Hexapla, see the posts collected here.

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Fetching and stripping biblical texts?

THE OTTC BLOG: WebApp for Estimating Scroll Dimensions (Drew Longacre). Potentially useful for reconstructing fragmentary biblical scrolls and for other more recondite applications.

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Monday, June 29, 2026

Report on the "Christology Within Judaism" Enoch Seminar

RELIGION PROF: Christology Within Judaism (Enoch Seminar June 2026) (James F. McGrath).
Our focus at this meeting was on messianisms (including Christology) and “monotheism” (the scare quotes acknowledging the problematic nature of that term). I have used the phrase “Christology within Judaism” because on the one hand, it links to the wider efforts to situate Christian origins as a phenomenon within the Judaism of that time, and on the other hand it highlights the unhelpful historic tendency to study “Christology” (things said about Jesus) as something distinct and potentially separate from Jewish messianism in the same time period.
I was a member of the Early High Christology Club. I still have my mug.

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Chazon on the origin of fixed communal prayer

PROF. ESTHER CHAZON: The Origin of Fixed Communal Prayer: Evidence from Qumran (TheTorah.com).
The discoveries from the caves of Qumran yielded hundreds of psalms and prayers. Some of these derived from the sectarian community known as the Yaḥad, who lived there. Others came from diverse Jewish communities, and were preserved and presumably used by the Yaḥad as part of their twice-daily “offering of the lips” as an alternative to the “defiled” sacrifices being offered in the Temple. These documents offer invaluable evidence concerning the origin of fixed communal prayer in Judaism.
Some years ago I published a critical commentary on the liturgical texts from Qumran:
James R. Davila, Liturgical Works (Eerdmans Commentaries on the Dead Sea Scrolls; Eerdmans, 2001)
Also, congratulations to Professor Chazon on the Orion Center event tomorrow celebrating her recent Festschrift, which I noted here.

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ERC awards "Tracing Scribes and Scrolls" project €2.5M

RESEARCH FUNDING: Mladen Popović awarded ERC Advanced Grant to trace the origins of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Professor Mladen Popović has been awarded an ERC Advanced Grant of €2.5 million. Under the project title ‘Tracing Tribes and Scrolls’, he and his team will spend the next five years working in the laboratory and using AI to trace the origins of the Dead Sea Scrolls. ... (University of Groningen). HT the Bible Places Blog.
About Popović’s project
In the ‘Tracing Scribes and Scrolls’ project, Popović (Faculty of Religion, Culture and Society and interim dean of the Faculty of Arts) and his colleagues aim to trace the origins and creation of the Dead Sea Scrolls by adopting an interdisciplinary approach to the issue: using analytical chemistry, AI and palaeography (the study of handwriting), they aim to determine where the scrolls were made and written. This could shed new light on the historical and cultural context of the scrolls.

[...]

Congratulations to Professor Popović and his team!

Cross-file under Material Culture, Paleography, and Algorithm Watch.

UPDATE (1 July): More here.

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Sunday, June 28, 2026

Barer, Going Off Script (OUP)

NEW BOOK FROM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS:
Going Off Script

Improvisational Judgment in the Talmud

Deborah Barer

£68.00
Hardback
Published: 13 May 2026
152 Pages
235x156mm
ISBN: 9780197807859

Also Available As:

E-book

  • Situates the contested phrase lifnim mi-shurat ha-din with a novel conceptual framework
  • Uses concepts from behavioral economics to analyze rabbinic action
  • Uses case studies to articulate the broader legal and hermeneutic assumptions of the Talmudic editors
Description

Going Off Script offers a novel explanation of what it means to act lifnim mi-shurat ha-din (within the line of the law). Tracing the development of this phrase within classical rabbinic literature, the book intervenes in longstanding debates over what this phrase signals about the relationship between Jewish ethics and Jewish law. Deborah Barer breaks with previous scholarship to argue that lifnim mi-shurat ha-din does not represent a particular type of moral or legal action, but rather a way of making decisions. When rabbis act lifnim mi-shurat ha-din, they improvise, deviating from established norms of behavior in order to pursue a specific, case-based outcome.

The creation of this category helps the Talmudic editors make sense of otherwise confusing accounts of rabbinic conduct. It also enables them to solve apparent conflicts between their inherited sources, thus resolving a specific set of legal and hermeneutic challenges that arise in the process of producing the Talmud. Once created, however, this category takes on a life of its own. Later generations of Talmudic readers and interpreters develop lifnim mi-shurat ha-din as a particular type of moral action, rather than as a way of making decisions, and they import those assumptions back onto their reading of the Talmudic text.

By identifying lifnim mi-shurat ha-din as a mode of decision-making, Going Off Script disentangles these later assumptions from the textual record, clarifying the extent to which, at the level of the Talmud itself, lifnim mi-shurat ha-din is a morally evaluative term. It identifies improvisation as a type of decision-making that introduces new moral possibilities, and traces how the Talmudic editors contend both with the destabilization that improvisation introduces as well as the beneficial outcomes it makes possible.

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Saturday, June 27, 2026

(Con)textual Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls (Chazon Festschrift, Brill)

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:
(Con)textual Perspectives on the Dead Sea Scrolls

Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Orion Symposium, February 28–March 3, 2022. Published in Honor of Esther G. Chazon

Series:
Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah, Volume: 157

Volume Editors: Ruth A. Clements, Michael B. Johnson, Noam Mizrahi, and Michael Segal

The Seventeenth Orion Symposium, held online, invited scholars to present research-in-progress, and to relate their texts to diverse literary, cultural, historical, and methodological contexts, including social sciences and manuscript studies. In some cases, authors reexamined published texts with the help of digital technologies and computational approaches, and suggested new contexts for understanding the significance of minute details. The volume is dedicated to Esther Chazon, who conceived of the symposium, in recognition of her many contributions to the Orion Center and to the field of Scrolls studies.

Copyright Year: 2026

E-Book (PDF)
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-75514-7
Publication: 04 May 2026
EUR €146.00

Hardback
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-75477-5
Publication: 05 Jun 2026
EUR €146.00

Congrautions to Professor Chazon!

I noted that 2022 Orion Symposium here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, June 26, 2026

Ancient Anatolian Mithraeum was closed by Syriac Christians

ARAMAIC WATCH: Ancient Aramaic inscription reveals early Christians sealed Türkiye's Mithras Temple (Türkiye Today).
{The decipherer, Professor Mehmet Sait] Toprak said the inscription refers symbolically to the "Invincible Sun God Mithras" and to Jesus, showing how the sanctuary was sealed in a Christian context.

He said the text includes expressions referring to the holy cross in the name of God, described as the one who orders, reforms and spreads love.

He described the inscription as the first known Old Aramaic written example showing the closure of a Mithras Temple. "This is an extremely important archaeological discovery," Toprak said, adding that both the writing and the cross at the entrance represented the symbolic closure of the temple.

I noted the 2017 discovery of this 1700-year-old Mithras sanctuary at the Zerzevan Castle in the Diyarbakır province in southeast Turkey here and here. Aramaic writing in a chapel in the same vicinity was discovered in 2015. I don't know if the latter is related to the newly deciphered inscription announced in this latest article.

Cross-file under Syriac Watch.

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The recovery of a lost Gnostic poem

THE ANXIOUS BENCH: How We Accidentally Found A Great Gnostic Poem (Philip Jenkins).
Hippolytus offers elaborate retellings of Gnostic celestial mythologies, with the goal of showing how thoroughly plagiarized they were from the famous philosophers of pagan Greek antiquity, especially Plato and Pythagoras. But that habit of copious quotation is fatally counter-productive for his cause. He wants to uproot heresy and destroy their memory. What he does is to preserve massive details that otherwise would have been eradicated, and some of what he quotes is really attractive and even inspiring.
There are other cases where quotations by ancient zealous debunkers preserved the only substantial portions of works the debunkers opposed. Works that, without their interference, would have been lost and forgotten. Origen's Contra Celsum comes to mind.

By the way, the surviving manuscript of The Refutation of All Heresies is anonymous. Its attribution to Hyppolytus has been challenged as tenuous in recent years. For details, see David Litwa's recent edition, a review of which is noted here.

This post is a continuation of Professor Jenkins's Lost and Found Scriptues series. For earlier posts, see here and links.

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Nomination for IAA head rejected by vetting committee

POLITICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY: Vetting panel disqualifies heritage minister’s nominee for Antiquities Authority chief. Esther Schreiber blocked after panel finds that the tender that led to her selection illegally lowered criteria; Ben Gvir says 'deep state' can't handle religiously observant women (Times of Israel).

Background here (cf. here) and links.

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