Wednesday, May 27, 2026

Review of Rosen-Zvi, How to Read the Mishnah and Midrash

TIMES OF ISRAEL BLOGS: Book review – How to Read the Mishnah and Midrash (Ben Rothke).
Rosen-Tzvi has written a masterpiece of a book that uncovers the many layers of Mishnah and Midrash, revealing that these are sophisticated, deep texts, carefully constructed intellectual systems.

One can’t understand rabbinic Judaism by reading these texts superficially; one needs to grasp the rules, structures, and assumptions that underlie them. In How to Read the Mishnah and Midrash: An Introduction to Early Rabbinic Literature, Rosen-Tzvi shows how to do that.

The book was published by University of California Press in 2026. See the review for a link.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Rutter, Coinages in the Achaemenid Empire (Edinburgh)

BIBLIOGRAPHIA IRANICA: Coinages in the Achaemenid Empire.

Notice of a New Book: Rutter, Keith. 2026. Coinages in the Achaemenid Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Follow the link for a description and a link to the publisher's page. Cross-file under Numismatics.

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Tuesday, May 26, 2026

More on the Egyptian mummy's Iliad excerpt

OXYRHYNCHUS WATCH: The mummy, the Iliad, and a mysterious death ritual. Archaeologists in Egypt unearthed a sealed packet of the epic poem resting atop a Roman-era mummy, suggesting they may have been used as a magical ward for the afterlife (Taylor Mitchell Brown, National Geographic).
[Professor Serena Perone] agrees that ritualistic use is one possible interpretation.

“Several literary sources mention incantations utilizing Homeric verses for protective or healing purposes,” she says. But in those instances, the texts cited specific lines, not “extensive passages” like an excerpt from the Catalogue of Ships as found atop the Oxyrhynchus mummy.

That sounds about right. One Greco-Egyptian incantation (PGM VII.1-148) consists just of a long list of unconnected lines from Homer. It calls itself "the Homer oracle."And there are other examples using just one or a few lines; notably PGM IV.2145-2240, which quotes three Homeric lines with instructions for using them as a spell inscribed on an iron lamella.

That said, an extended passage from the Catalogue of Ships does not seem like a good candidate for a ritual incantation. But the passage was excerpted and buried with the deceased for some reason. I suspect that our imagination is what is limiting us here. If we do find the reason, it will seem obvious in hindsight.

Background here.

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Dr. Oswaldo Arteaga, 1942-2026

SAD NEWS: Dr. Oswaldo Arteaga, a world reference for Phoenician archaeology in the Axarquía, dies. The archaeologist's relationship with the eastern Costa del Sol began in the 1970s when he became director of the Phoenician-Punic Project within the German Archaeological Institute (Eugenio Cabezas, Sur in English).
Dr. Oswaldo Arteaga Matute, archaeologist, researcher and professor considered a key figure in the knowledge of the Phoenician past of the Axarquía area of Malaga province has died aged 84.

Vélez-Málaga town hall has announced a day of official mourning on Friday 15 May as a sign of recognition and tribute to the man who was named 'adopted son' of the eastern Costa del Sol town in May 2022. ...

His main contributions include excavations at the Mainake-Maenoba sites, in the area of Los Toscanos and Cerro del Mar, as well as the geoarchaeological reconstruction of the ancient mouth of the River Vélez. His work demonstrated that a large part of the current aricultural area around the River Vélez was once a large maritime inlet used by Phoenician navigators more than 2,500 years ago.

Arteaga's pioneering application of geoarchaeological techniques in the Axarquía was one of the most valued contributions by the scientific community. This research model would later be exported to numerous European archaeological projects.

Requiescat in pace.

Cross-file under Phoenician Watch and Punic Watch.

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Monday, May 25, 2026

Was the Great Isaiah Scroll originally two independent "Isaiah" scrolls?

SCROLL MATERIAL CULTURE: The oldest complete biblical scroll ever found was originally split in 2, scholar finds. Study comes as ‘Great Isaiah,’ a 24-foot-long text parchment found with the Dead Sea Scrolls, set to be displayed by the Israel Museum in full for the first time since 1968 (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel).
In the past, some suggested that the discrepancies between the two parts apparent to the naked eye might have resulted from the scribe transcribing the scroll by copying from different manuscripts. A groundbreaking 2021 study employing artificial intelligence to examine minute differences in the way letters were written suggested that the scrolls were compiled by two scribes who sought to match their styles to each other.

Taking the scholarship a step further, Dead Sea Scrolls expert Prof. Marcello Fidanzio of the Università della Svizzera Italiana says his research shows that the incongruities between the two sections stem from the fact that they were created as two separate scrolls and became one at a later point in time.

“I can now show that the two parts of the scrolls present a different manufacture,” Fidanzio told The Times of Israel in a phone interview ahead of the publication of “The Great Isaiah Scroll: A Voice From the Desert,” which he edited.

If so, the obvious next question is, Why did people make two scrolls of different halves of Isaiah at different times? The ToI article says:
While modern scholars typically view the Book of Isaiah as having two distinct parts — from chapters 1-39 and chapter 40-66 — the division seen in the parchments does not mirror that split.
Hmmm ... not exactly. There is a good case that Second Isaiah commences with chapters 34-35. And chapters 36-39 are obvious imports from the Deuteronomistic History. If in antiquity scribes wrote two different scrolls of Isaiah, one with chapters 1-33 and one with chapters 34-66, that may mean that they had a tradition that the book consisted of two (or more) different books by different authors. Maybe.

For that 2021 AI study mentioned in the quote, see here.

Background on the current Great Isaiah Scroll exhibition at the Israel Museum and (if you keep going) on the scroll itself, is here and links.

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Does West Bank and Gaza antiquities bill violate Israel's international agreements?

ARCHAEOLOGY AND POLITICS: West Bank, Gaza antiquities bill breaks Israel’s international obligations – legal official. As Knesset committee gears up to bring legislation for final votes in plenum, panel’s legal adviser warns it reinforces ‘creeping annexation’ claims; army also opposes it (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel).
A controversial bill seeking to extend Israeli civilian control over antiquities in the West Bank and Gaza would violate Israel’s international commitments and reinforce claims of “creeping annexation,” according to a position paper by the Knesset Education, Culture and Sports Committee legal adviser.

The bill, which establishes a “Judea, Samaria, and Gaza Heritage Authority” under the Heritage Ministry, was discussed on Sunday to prepare it for its final readings in the Knesset plenum, where it could be voted into law. The committee is set to resume its discussion on Monday and vote on sending the bill to the plenum.

[...]

Background here and links.

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Lost books or just misplaced?

THE ANXIOUS BENCH: How Lost Scriptures Hide In Plain Sight (Philip Jenkins).
I have been posting on texts and scriptures as they are lost and found, with an emphasis on gospels and sacred writings. Today, I want to complicate the story by asking how “lost” some texts ever get to be, when they might actually be hiding right in front of us, in plain sight.

[...]

For notices of related posts by Prof. Jenkins, see here and links.

A new edition of the Hymn of the Pearl has come out recently.

I linked to a British Library blog post on Barlaam and Josaphat (various spellings) here, but they have evaporated the post. Shame on them. The link to the Language Hat Blog preserves some of it.

Earlier posts in Prof. Jenkin's current series are noted here and links. Cross-file under Lost Books

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Sunday, May 24, 2026

Hussain, Wisdom in the Qur'an (OUP)

NEW BOOK FROM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS:
Wisdom in the Qur'an

Law and Morality from the Bible to Late Antiquity

Saqib Hussain

Oxford Studies in the Abrahamic Religions

£104.00
Hardback
Published: 24 February 2026
288 Pages
234x156mm
ISBN: 9780198911760
[An e-book version is also available.]

Description

This work is the first detailed study of what the Qur'an means by 'wisdom.' It argues that the Qur'an, when it uses the term, is engaging with biblical wisdom discourse as it had been interpreted and understood in late antiquity. Biblical wisdom texts are a category of books in the Hebrew Bible and Apocrypha, such as Proverbs and Sirach, that emphasize the importance of acquiring wisdom through contemplating the natural world and one's own life experience. The presence of this wisdom genre in the Bible encouraged Hellenistic Jews and early Christians to embrace the Greek philosophical notion of natural law, the idea that what is morally right and wrong is known innately, and confirmed through divine revelation.

Over subsequent centuries, church fathers and rabbis continued to debate what the relationship between divine revelation and natural law / wisdom ought to be. While the church fathers argued that much of the legal content of the Hebrew Bible should no longer be followed now that Jesus had restored natural law to its rightful position as arbiter of right and wrong, the rabbis insisted that God is at liberty to impose through Scripture whatever laws he wishes onto humanity. This book asserts that when the Qur'an invokes wisdom, it engages in that debate, and ultimately presents a relationship between Scripture and natural law that is close to the Christian conception, insisting that law must be interpreted within an ethical framework that is innate to human morality.

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Saturday, May 23, 2026

Orlov, Cursed Creation in the Book of Job and the Book of the Watchers (Brill)

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:
Cursed Creation in the Book of Job and the Book of the Watchers

Series:
Vetus Testamentum, Supplements, Volume: 205

Author: Andrei A. Orlov

This study constitutes the first comprehensive analysis of the connections between the Book of Job and Jewish apocalypticism. It examines the motifs of creation’s corruption through curses and its restoration through the revelation of cosmological knowledge, as depicted in one of the earliest Jewish apocalyptic texts, the Book of the Watchers, and their thematic parallels in the Book of Job. The study demonstrates that both the Book of Job and the Book of the Watchers exhibit striking similarities in their portrayals of the corruption and restoration of God’s creation.

Copyright Year: 2026

E-Book (PDF)
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-76074-5
Publication: 20 Apr 2026
EUR €109.00

Hardback
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-75925-1
Publication: 21 May 2026
EUR €109.00

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Friday, May 22, 2026

Archaeologists have excavated First-Temple-era remains on the Temple Mount

TEMPLE MOUNT WATCH: Archaeologists spotlight first Solomon’s Temple-era artifacts ever found on Temple Mount. Carried out in rare cooperation with Muslim authorities, series of digs in recent years at flashpoint site yielded unprecedented proof of biblical-time activity, scholars say (Ilan Ben Zion, Times of Israel).
Israeli archaeologists on Thursday presented new details of what they said were the first tiny artifacts, unearthed in situ on the Temple Mount, ever conclusively dated to the time of the First Temple over 2,600 years ago. The discoveries were made during limited scientific excavations carried out atop the flashpoint Temple Mount in the past decade, the first of their kind since the British Mandate.

The highly sensitive Israeli excavations were conducted with minimum publicity in cooperation with the Islamic Waqf which manages the incendiary holy site. The artifacts excavated from the mount, detailed in a paper and presentations at a conference at Hebrew University, are said to include olive pits, animal bones and pottery fragments dating to the time of the First Temple, between the 8th and 6th Centuries BCE.

[...]

As the article notes, the Temple Mount Sifting Project has been doing great work for many years sifting ancient artifacts out of the rubble that was illicitly excavated and dumped by the Waqf. I have posted on its discoveries many times.

But this article is about actual scientific archaeological excavations quietly undertaken on the Temple Mount since 2007. Given the nature of the site, the original strata would likely have been very mixed up anyway, but archaeological excavation can at least recover whatever stratigraphic information there is.

I know that I have said many times, No excavation on the Temple Mount until we have non-invasive and non-destructive technologies to do it. But in this case the Waqf was undertaking authorized infrastructive maintenance that required some digging. It was quite right for the IAA to use the opportunity to do some archaeology in the process.

I am pleased, but not surprised, to learn that the archaeologists have recovered material from the First Temple period in these excavations.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

How far does textual criticism of the Torah get us?

FOR SHAVUOT: Do We Know the Original Text of the Torah? (Emanuel Tov, TheTorah.com).
Well, we can theoretically arrive at a 3rd century B.C.E. archetype by using the conservative Masoretic Text (MT) as the default and comparing it with non-harmonistic variants in the Septuagint (LXX), Samaritan Pentateuch (SP), and Qumran fragments. But textual criticism offers little help in understanding what the text of the Torah looked like at an earlier stage, or how and when it was composed.
I agree that textual criticism can, at best, only take us back to an edition of the Pentateuch from the late Persian or early Hellenistic periods. To get behind it we have to resort to source criticism, where the temptation is to atomize the text beyond the surviving evidence.

Incidentally, I edited 4QGenesish and 4QGenesisk in my doctoral dissertation and published them in DJD 12 (1994).

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West Bank and Gaza archaeology bills in the Knesset

ARCHAEOLOGY AND POLITICS: Knesset panel ends without advancing West Bank and Gaza antiquities bill, will resume discussions next week (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel).
The Knesset Education, Culture and Sports Committee ends without a vote to send the controversial “West Bank and Gaza” antiquities bill, which many say amounts to de facto annexation, to the plenum for its final approval.

[...]

My interest is in ancient Judaism rather than Israeli or other politics, so I try to stay out of these things. But for those interested, these articles fill out the current picture:

Government approves NIS 250M plan to develop heritage sites in the West Bank (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel)

West Bank, Gaza antiquities bill advances as government okays $86 million heritage plan. Knesset committee working to finish controversial legislation, which critics say would mark an unprecedented step toward annexation, for final votes in the plenum on Sunday (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel).

The bill aims to establish a “Judea, Samaria and Gaza Heritage Authority” under the Heritage Ministry. The body is also set to have the power to operate in parts of the West Bank governed by the Palestinian Authority (Areas A and B).
'De Facto Annexation' Despite Professional Opposition, MKs Propose West Bank Antiquities Authority Operate in Gaza. The army's representative told the Knesset Education Committee meeting that applying the law to Gaza 'could be perceived as characteristics of de facto annexation.' She added that the plan is not 'consistent' with the Trump plan for the Gaza Strip's rehabilitation (Noa Shpigel, Haaretz). Most of this article is behind a subscription wall.

Background here and links. Related post here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Thursday, May 21, 2026

Shavuot 2026

THE FESTIVAL OF SHAVUOT (Weeks, Pentecost) begins tonight at sundown. Best wishes to all those celebrating.

Last year's Shavuot post is here, linking back to previous years' posts. For biblical references, see here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, May 20, 2026

Redating an Iron Age fortress at Ein Hatzeva

ARCHAEOLOGY: How ancient seeds are rewriting the history of biblical-era trade with Arabia. New radiocarbon dating of Ein Hatzeva fortress on ancient trade route in the Arava suggests it was built 2,800 years ago by the Kingdom of Israel, shoring up Bible’s account (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel).
New research from the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) uses C14 dating of preserved organic samples taken from one of two ancient fortresses in the Arava in southern Israel. The findings suggest they were built by the biblical kingdom of Israel almost 2,800 years ago, and not by the Assyrian empire decades later.
The underlying article in Levant is behind the subscription wall, but the ToI article has a link to the abstract.

PaleoJudaica posts dealing with (other periods at) Ein Hatzeva are here and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Rogue Classicism reloaded

THE ROGUE CLASSICISM BLOG, run by David Meadows, is undergoing refurbishment. Regular reader know that I consult this blog and refer to it frequently. It's still under construction, but go and have a look.

I like the new formatting. More compact and easier to follow. Sad to see the Latin headings go, but probably better for overall clarity. Well done, David!

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, May 19, 2026

More on Washington's Hannibal movie

CINEMA AND PUNIC WATCH: Denzel Washington Beat Vin Diesel to the Role He's Wanted for 24 Years (Philip Etemesi, MovieWeb).
Once upon a time, there lived a Carthaginian general and statesman. Born in 247 BC, he would wage war against the Roman Empire for decades, notably during the Second Punic War. Hannibal Barca was his name. Today, his tactics still wow historians, especially his choice to invade Italy by crossing the Alps with North African war elephants. His methods have also wowed Denzel Washington and Vin Diesel, both of whom have tried to bring him to the big screen. Only the former appears to have succeeded.

[...]

This article covers much of what we already knew, but it has some new information, including on how Diesel's "idea of a three-part saga got stuck in development hell for too long."

Background here and many links. I have been following Diesel's and then Washington's plans for a Hannibal movie for more than twenty years. I look forward to the film's release, reportedly in 2027.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Fictional lost gospels (etc.) in popular culture

NEW TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA FICTION: Scriptures: Lost, Found, And Forged (Philip Jenkins).
... But by the same token, it is tempting for anyone wishing to make their own point to exploit this rediscovery idea, either by interpreting new finds in devious or subversive ways, or else by inventing fake ancient texts. These themes, of false interpretation and forgery, account for a large part of the popular writing about rediscovered texts, and have long played a potent role in mainstream popular culture. Sad to say, for the average non-expert “intelligent reader,” this is often the means by which rediscovered texts are understood.

In this post, I will discuss the “forged and fake” theme in that popular culture, and the tradition goes back a long way. Nineteenth century discoveries deeply concerned conservative believers, who dreaded the possible discovery of yet other new texts that could still further undermine orthodox faith. What else was still out there, waiting to be found? ...

Incidentally, Prof. Jenkins argues that the very idea of the Secret Gospel of Mark fragment being genuine is risible.

Earlier posts in this series are noted here, here, and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, May 18, 2026

Notes on the latest Enoch Seminar

RELIGION PROF: Paul, Mark, And Revelation Within Judaism (Enoch Seminar) (James McGrath).
The Enoch Seminar puts on wonderful conferences and this one on “The New Testament Within Judaism” was no exception. I took extensive notes on the days that I attended, and will share some of them here and in a follow-up post, even though the conference sessions are now on YouTube (and I will of course share the videos as well, see below). ...

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

More on Jerusalem's mystery tunnel

SPELUNKIC ARCHAEOLOGY UPDATE: Two more articles cover the news about the apparently ancient, but of uncertain date and purpose, tunnel recently discovered in southern Jerusalem. Both include interviews with excavation co-director Zinovi Matskevich.

'We Know What It Wasn't': Strange Tunnel Exposed in Jerusalem Near Ramat Rahel. Tunnel up to five meters in height discovered in bedrock near ancient Jerusalem's center, but archaeologists can't figure out its purpose (Ruth Schuster, Haaretz).

"The quarrying was executed meticulously. It is clear that whoever carved this tunnel invested tremendous effort," they say.

For what? "We can say a few things about what it wasn't," Matskevich says. "At first we suspected the whole thing was modern, 20th century. Now we are sure it isn't. First of all, dirt entered into this cavern in stages, so it can't have just been dug recently. But how ancient it is, we can't say."

Mysterious ancient tunnel, possibly thousands of years old, discovered in Jerusalem. Dating and purpose of structure near Kibbutz Ramat Rachel still not clear; archaeologists say its construction required significant resources and manpower (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel).
According to Matskevich, the tunnel was probably built at least 2,000 years ago, in Roman times, and likely even earlier, but they cannot be sure.
Background here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

The languages of Achaemenid-Hellenistic Central Asia

PHILOLOGY: Lost Multilingual World Shows Greek Culture Flourished Across Ancient Asia (Abdul Moeed, Greek Reporter).
A new study of ancient written records shows that multilingual societies thrived across Hellenistic Central Asia for nearly a thousand years, with scribes regularly switching between languages and scripts to serve whichever empire happened to be in power.

Rachel Mairs, a researcher at the University of Reading, published the findings in “Writing in the Ancient World.” The study examines surviving texts from regions now known as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, covering the period from roughly the fifth century BC to the second century CE.

Mairs identifies four main written languages in the region: Aramaic and Elamite under the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Greek under Macedonian rule, and Prakrit under the Mauryan Empire from India.

[...]

This substantial Cambridge Element is free for download until 20 May (so don't dawdle). The GR article is a good summary of it.
Language and Script in Achaemenid and Hellenistic Central Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 May 2026

Rachel Mairs

Summary

This Element examines – for the first time in a single volume – the written evidence from the 'Far East' of the Hellenistic world (Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara). It examines how successive invaders of this region, from Persia, Greece and India, left their linguistic and textual mark. It reviews the surviving Hellenistic-period written material from archaeological sites in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Pakistan in Aramaic, Greek and Prakrit.

For more on the Emperor Ashoka and his edicts in Pali, Aramaic, and Greek, see here and links. For lots more on the texts from Persepolis in Aramaic, Old Persian, Elamite, etc., start here and follow the links. And for a bit more on the Bactrian Aramaic texts, see here. Cross-file under Aramaic Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Sunday, May 17, 2026

Nelson, Jesus' Physical Appearance (T&T Clark)

NEW BOOK FROM BLOOMSBURY/T&T CLARK:
Jesus' Physical Appearance

Biography, Christology, Philosophy

John D. Nelson (Author)

Hardback
$120.00 $108.00

Ebook (PDF)
$108.00 $86.40

Ebook (Epub & Mobi)
$108.00 $86.40

Product details

Published Dec 11 2025
Format Hardback
Edition 1st
Pages 264
ISBN 9780567723208
Imprint T&T Clark
Dimensions 9 x 6 inches
Series The Library of New Testament Studies
Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing

Description

John Nelson presents the first full length study of the Gospels' treatment of Jesus' appearance, exploring precisely why, though Christ's image is recognised throughout the modern world, he is not physically described in the texts. Nelson argues that while the Gospels resemble Graeco-Roman biographies in their focus on a single individual, they also frequently depart from the genre's conventions; one of their most glaring omissions, picked up in recent scholarship, is their total silence on what Jesus looked like.

Nelson thus explores how the evangelists as Jewish authors might have uniquely engaged both the genre of the Gospels and the topic of Jesus' physical appearance. He makes clear the distinction between two broad attitudes Jewish authors took to Greek genres: to assimilate that genre's conventions, and to 'indigenise,' or adopt the conventions of Jewish narrative prototypes in their adaption of Greek forms. Utilising genre theory, masculinity studies and post-colonial theory, Nelson consequently argues against the common view that Jewish writers simply adopted the same obsession with appearances that their gentile neighbours expressed, suggesting instead that the Gospels' reticence to describe Jesus' body may have been influenced by the reticence of biblical texts to describe the Lord's body.

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Saturday, May 16, 2026

Holmstedt et al., Phoenician Inscriptions (SBL)

NEW BOOK FROM SBL PRESS:
Phoenician Inscriptions
Robert D. Holmstedt, Aaron Schade, Philip C. Schmitz

ISBN 9781628377675
Volume WAW 45
Status Available
Publication Date March 2026

Paperback $70.00
Hardback $90.00
eBook $70.00

Phoenician Inscriptions introduces readers to the writing of the ancient people groups who originated in the ancient Levantine cities of Byblos, Tyre, and Sidon by the late second millennium BCE. Thanks to their establishment of colonies throughout the Mediterranean world, written evidence of their influence has been discovered from the Levant, Anatolia, and Cyprus to Egypt, Greece, Italy, and Spain. Each inscription in this volume is transliterated and includes an English translation and select critical commentary. Helpful maps, discussions of historical context, and drawings of inscribed artifacts supplement the translations. This resource opens a window onto the religious ideas and economic practices of people instrumental in shaping the history and culture of the ancient Mediterranean for a variety of readers, including curious nonspecialists and scholars and students of ancient history, linguistics, and archaeology.

Cross-file under Phoenician Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, May 15, 2026

Report: the Great Isaiah Scroll exhibit is reopening today

EXHIBITION: Great Isaiah Scroll, oldest near-complete biblical book ever found, to be displayed again after Iran war (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel).
The Great Isaiah Scroll, the oldest nearly complete book from the Hebrew Bible ever found, will be back on display at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem starting from Friday, a spokesperson for the museum says.

[...]

This is very good news, even if the headline is a tad optimistic.

Background on the exhibition, interrupted by the Iran war after only five days, is here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Jerusalem in Psalm 122

FOR JERUSALEM DAY: Psalm 122: A Visit to the Jerusalem of Old (Prof. Adele Berlin, TheTorah.com).
What did it feel like to stand inside the gates of ancient Jerusalem at the height of its glory? A postexilic psalm imagines just that—revisiting a bustling city filled with pilgrims, justice, and divine presence. Blending memory, longing, and hope, Psalm 122 transforms Jerusalem into both a vivid past reality and a future ideal, culminating in its enduring call: שַׁאֲלוּ שְׁלוֹם יְרוּשָׁלִָם, “Seek the peace of Jerusalem.”

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More on Lost Books from Jenkins

THE ANXIOUS BENCH: Books, Epics, And Scriptures, Lost And Found.

Lots of good links here. Background here and links. Cross-file under Lost Books.

For more on those lost "Biblical-adjacent texts" cited in the Hebrew Bible, see here and links, plus here and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Thursday, May 14, 2026

US returns smuggled rare coins to Israel

REPATRIATED NUMISMATICS: Early Persian silver coin smuggled from Israel to Big Apple also regained after being offered for sale (Ruth Schuster, Haaretz).
Antiquities detectives in New York have recovered two rare ancient coins smuggled out of Israel, which will be returned home, the Israel Antiquities Authority announced on Wednesday. They aren't on a plane yet but will be at some point thanks to a massive joint effort by the Israel Antiquities Authority with the Antiquities Trafficking Unit at the Manhattan District Attorney's Office and Homeland Security. ...

One of the recovered coins is a bronze prutah, the lowest known denomination of Judean currency. Its purchasing power was weak: a loaf of bread cost about 10 of these. However, this one had been minted during the reign of the last Hasmonean king, Mattathias Antigonus, who ruled in Jerusalem from 40 to 37 B.C.E. It shows nothing less than the seven-branched menorah that stood in the Second Temple in Jerusalem on one side and the Temple's showbread table on the flip side. ...

The second coin wouldn't have been allowed out of the country either. It was a lovely early silver tetradrachm from the Persian period, minted in Ascalon over 2,500 years ago, only a couple of centuries after the invention of coinage itself. Only one other of its type is known, and that one sits in the Israel Museum. Its design emulates the famous Athenian tetradrachm, which was the standard coin throughout the Eastern Mediterranean at the time.

For more on the prutah, see here and links. And for posts on the tetradrachm, see here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Controversial nomination for IAA director

POLITICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY: Esther Shreiber for next IAA director, first woman in role. Her appointment will soon be submitted for approval by the IAA’s council and the government (Miriam Sela-Eitam, Jerusalem Post).
Heritage Minister Amichai Eliyahu tapped Esther Shreiber, CEO of the INEXTG Group, to be the next director of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), which would make her the first woman to ever serve in the position.

Her appointment will soon be submitted for approval by the IAA’s council and the government. ...

She holds a bachelor’s degree in the History of the Jewish People from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, a master’s degree with honors in Public Administration and Policy from the University of Haifa, and is a Stern Prize recipient for studies of the Second Temple period.

The Jerusalem Post notes and discusses the controversy over the nomination, but doesn't seem to take a position on it. Othe media are less neutral:

Head of NGO Promoting 'Jewish Values' Tapped to Lead Israel's Antiquities Authority. Esther Schreiber was nominated under pressure from far-right minister Amichai Eliyahu, sources said. A senior archaeologist warned the authority could face 'a process of decline' (Nir Hasson, Haaretz)

Archaeologists within and outside the authority reacted with shock to the appointment, calling it unprofessional. According to them, Schreiber lacks the qualifications to lead the authority, and her work has no connection to archaeology or managing large organizations such as the authority, whose annual budget exceeds 400 million shekels (about $138 million).

Heritage Minister taps new Antiquities Authority head with no archaeological experience (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel)

Heritage Minister Amichai Eliyahu, of the far-right Otzma Yehudit party, taps Esther Shreiber, a Jewish professional with no archaeological experience, as the new head of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

[...]

The Times of Israel does concede the following (also mentioned by the Jerusalem Post).
The current IAA head Eli Escozido also does not have a background in archaeology, nor did his predecessor, former Shin Bet deputy director Israel Hasson, who served in the position between 2014 and 2021.
Haaretz hints at the point, but doesn't state it directly.

There are conflicting claims about Ms. Schreiber's current position and its responsibilities. There are also reports of insider claims from various anonymous sources, which I discount on principle. It is not always easy to distiguish the latter from official statements.

That's the information I can find. I take no position on the nomination. I blog, you decide.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Mystery tunnel found in Jerusalem

SPELUNKIC ARCHAEOLOGY: Ancient tunnel with unknown age, purpose found near Kibbutz Ramat Rachel ahead of Jerusalem Day. After descending a set of ancient stairs from the surface, archaeologists found themselves standing at the hewn opening of the tunnel, found to be filled with hundreds of years of ancient sewage (Miriam Sela-Eitam, Jerusalem Post).
A mysterious and ancient stone tunnel was recently discovered near Kibbutz Ramat Rachel in southern Jerusalem during preventative excavations ahead of the construction of the new neighborhood promoted by the Israel Land Authority (ILA).

The find, announced by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) on Thursday morning, is expected to measure approximately 50 meters long, 5 meters high, and 3 meters wide.

[...]

As the headline indicates, the tunnel's date and purpose are unclear. The archaeologists have guesses, though.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, May 13, 2026

Turin Egyptian-papyri restoration project funded

PAPYROLOGY: Egyptian Museum of Turin, ME-Scripta, a laboratory for the study of artefacts, is born. Fondazione Crt guarantees 3 million euro for 10-year project combining restoration and philological study (Filomena Greco, Il Sole 24 ore).
The Laboratory of the Egyptian Museum will be called ME-Script and will be directed by Susanne Töpfer, curator in charge of the Egyptian Museum's papyrological collection, with the ambition of uniting the work of restorers with that of philologists, to enable the recovery of artefacts and the study of texts belonging to different types of ancient codices, up to Coptic bindings. It employs two curators, three collaborators, an apprentice and a data manager.
Great news! Cross-file under Philology and Coptic Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

On the Ptolemaic Era in Egypt

THE WORLD IS FULL OF HISTORY: Alexander’s Legacy: The Ptolemaic Era of Greek Rule in Egypt (Nick Kampouris, Greek Reporter).
When Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 332 BCE, he signaled the beginning of the era of Ptolemaic rule.

His general Ptolemy established the Ptolemaic dynasty that would govern the vast lands of Egypt for the next 300 years. The Ptolemies became the rulers over a complex fusion of Greek and Egyptian cultures.

[...]

A nice, brief overview of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

There are many PaleoJudaica posts on the Ptolemies, who are important for understanding various aspects of Second Temple Judaism, not least the Book of Daniel. Some notable posts are here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here, and follow the many links!

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, May 12, 2026

Boy finds late-antique god figurine-fragment in Negev

MATERIAL CULTURE IN THE ROUND: Eight-year-old boy finds 1,700-year-old statuette fragment while hiking in Negev. Israel Antiquities Authority archaeologist says the artifact might depict Roman god Jupiter (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel).
[IAA Theft Prevention Unit supervisor Akiva] Goldenhersh acknowledged it was difficult to precisely identify who the statuette portrays.

“Stylistically, it might be of the god Jupiter, or Zeus-Dushara, a Nabatean god who was identified and merged with Zeus in the context of the encounter between the Nabatean culture that was widespread in the Negev region, and the Hellenistic-Roman world,” he said. “This tiny find thus reflects the combination of local traditions with influences from the classical world.”

Cross-file under Nabatean (Nabataean) Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Expansive cultural and material range in the new Posen Library volume

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: Jewish Cultures and Material Artifacts (Karen Stern).
Jewish Cultures and Material Artifacts: Comments on The Posen Library of Jewish Culture and Civilization, Vol.2, Emerging Judaism, 332 BCE–600 CE, ed. Carol Bakhos

... In this grand volume, everything is an artifact and everything (appropriately) requires guided interpretation. Indeed, Carol Bakhos and her entire editorial team have gathered into this work one of the richest and most diverse collections of artifacts, both in forms of redacted texts and archaeologically attested objects, amassed to this point in English translation and prose, inclusive of hundreds of pages of analysis and annotation. Through editors’ careful introductions, contextualization, and connections, this volume invites readers to explore and interpret textual and archaeological artifacts anew, demonstrating how it is always possible to tell new stories (or histories) about old things. The results are exciting, generating opportunities for academics and lay readers to reexamine known evidence and develop novel insights into Jewish cultures from 332 BCE to 600 CE. ...

For the first essay in this review series, see here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Revised bill for new West Bank antiquity authority passes first Knesset reading

ARCHAEOLOGY AND POLITICS: Knesset advances controversial West Bank antiquity bill in first reading. Legislation’s critics maintain it amounts to de facto annexation, while supporters say it is necessary to preserve territory’s unique heritage (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel).
A controversial bill creating a new civilian authority in charge of antiquities in the West Bank was approved by the Knesset plenum in the first reading overnight between Monday and Tuesday. ...

If passed into law, which will require two additional readings by the plenum, the bill will create a “Judea and Samaria Heritage Authority,” using the biblical name for the West Bank.

The authority is set to assume the responsibilities currently held by the Defense Ministry.

The person responsible for the file now is a staff officer of the Archaeology Unit of the Civil Administration, a branch of the Defense Ministry’s Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), which is in charge of civilian affairs in the territory.

An earlier version sought to transfer this authority to the Israel Antiquities Authority, but it was widely opposed, including by the IAA. Detailed background is here, here, and (most recent summary) here. This current bill is the revised result.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, May 11, 2026

Review of Van Maaren, The Gospel of Mark’s Judaism ....

BOOK REVIEW: The Gospel of Mark’s Judaism and the Death of Christ as a Ransom for Many (R. B. JAMIESON, Themelios).
Many monographs proclaim their ambition to shift a paradigm; few do. In my opinion, this volume stands a better chance than most. This monograph is the second to develop from the author’s doctoral dissertation at McMaster University; the first was published as The Boundaries of Jewishness in the Southern Levant: 200 BCE–132 CE (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2022). The present work applies a nuanced, textured set of conceptualities for discerning and situating the “Jewishness” of an ancient religious text such as the Gospel of Mark, which it employs to undermine the reigning scholarly paradigm, which the author calls “Gentile Mark.”

[...]

For more on the book, see here and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Josephus' effeminizing propaganda?

THE CLASSICAL QUARTERLY:
SELF-MADE ‘MEN’: THE PROGRESSIVE EMASCULATION OF THE BROTHERS ASINAEUS AND ANILAEUS IN JOSEPHUS, ANTIQUITIES 18

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 April 2026

The Classical Quarterly , First View , pp. 1 - 15
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838826101190
Open Access

Joseph Scales and Isaac T. Soon

Abstract

This article analyses how Flavius Josephus presents the conquests of Asinaeus and Anilaeus, two robber-bandits who established a fiefdom in first-century Babylonia. In dialogue with common Roman tropes about gender and his previous writings on the notable physical features of men in times of war, this article focusses on how Josephus progressively effeminizes Asinaeus and Anilaeus. Although their military feats abound, their increasingly risky behaviour and their growing neglect of Jewish ways of life jeopardize their own character and the safety of their Jewish kin. With this strategy of emasculation, Josephus undermines those who self-interestedly seek power and influence.

Follow the link for the full text of this open-access article.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Sunday, May 10, 2026

Narsai: The Homilies. Volume 2 (Peeters)

NEW BOOK FROM PEETERS PUBLISHERS:
Narsai: The Homilies. Volume 2

Series:
Eastern Christian Texts in Translation, 7

Author:
Becker A.H.

Price: 65 euro
Year: 2026
ISBN: 9789042954250
Pages: XIV-203 p.

Summary:

Narsai, who is variously called “the tongue of the East” and “the harp of the Spirit”, is among the most important and influential Syriac authors. His life spanned the fifth century, which was a tumultuous time for Christians following the controversies surrounding the First Council of Ephesus, the Second Council of Ephesus, and the Council of Chalcedon. Playing a crucial role at this critical juncture, Narsai would ultimately be remembered as one of the foundational figures of the Church of the East. This volume, the second in the series Narsai: The Homilies, offers translations of several of Narsai’s homilies that focus on Lent and moral reform. The homilies translated in this volume are “On Lent I” (20), “On Lent III” (23), “On Lent IV” (24), “On Lent V” (26), “On Reproof” (25), “On Reproof of the Clergy” (78), and “On Reproof” (79).

I noted the publication of volume one here. Cross-file under Syriac Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Saturday, May 09, 2026

History, Prophecy, Identity and Language in the Hebrew Bible (Brill)

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:
History, Prophecy, Identity and Language in the Hebrew Bible

Proceedings of the 18th Joint Meeting of the Society for Old ‎Testament Study (SOTS) and the Oudtestamentisch Werkgezelschap in Nederland en België (OTW), Nottingham, 2022

Series:
Oudtestamentische Studiën, Old Testament Studies, Volume: 84

Volume Editors: Hans Ausloos and Charlotte Hempel

This volume contains the Proceedings of the 18th Joint Meeting of the Society ‎for Old ‎Testament Study (SOTS) and the Oudtestamentisch Werkgezelschap ‎in Nederland en België (OTW) in the summer ‎of 2022 in Nottingham. The ten ‎contributions are prefaced by an editorial Introduction (Hempel, Ausloos) followed by studies on ‎Hebrew Semantics (Raymond de Hoop, Paul Sanders, Ellen van Wolde), the Pentateuch (Gert Kwakkel, Jan-Wim Wesselius‎, Philip Yoo), exilic and post-exilic historiography (Carly Crouch, Michaël van der Meer) and two chapters that draw on Sumerian poetry and gender-based violence ‎in contemporary South Africa, respectively, to illuminate biblical narratives in Judges and 1-2 Samuel (Ekaterina E. Kozlova, Nozipho Princess S. Dlodlo).

Copyright Year: 2025

E-Book (PDF)
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-74065-5
Publication: 19 Jan 2026
EUR €119.00

Hardback
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-74064-8
Publication: 19 Feb 2026
EUR €119.00

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, May 08, 2026

New proposals about the Copper Scroll

THAT DARNED TREASURE AGAIN: The Mysterious Copper Scroll and the End of Days. One stood among the Dead Sea Scrolls: made of metal, and seemingly never meant to be read. Who made it, when and why, and how was Bar-Kokhba involved? Shimon Gibson presents a new theory (Ruth Schuster).
"The Copper Scroll has always been an enigma, already from when it was first discovered and published. None of the explanations that have been proposed until now have been especially convincing," commented ancient Judaism expert Yonatan Adler of Ariel University. "Enigmatic finds of this kind absolutely invite thinking outside of the box, and I congratulate Prof. Gibson for his intriguing hypothesis. Even if we still lack a 'smoking gun,' novel and well-argued hypotheses of this kind are what move the inquiry forward."
Agreed. Gibson has valid criticisms of the current most popular understanding of the Copper Scroll, that it listes the Temple treasures:
He also points out that if it was a list of Temple valuables removed and secreted by Jews ahead of a howling Roman advance, surely they would have taken the menorah too; yet we see the Romans took that. "Some of the looted funds were even used to help build the landmark Colosseum in that same city which is admired by tourists to this very day," Gibson adds.
True. But there's no guarantee that all of the treasure would have been successfully smuggled out of Jerusalem and into hiding. The menorah would have been more difficult than most of the treasures to move quietly.

Gibson's hypothesis that the treasures are actually contributions to the Bar Kokhba revolt is interesting, but the amounts seem too large to me. Likewise with Joan Taylor's proposal that they are a list of post-Temple Temple tithes from the Bar Kokhba era. Even if we go with Lefkovits'z karsh (rather than talent) intepretation of the amount listings, which we may or may not do.

But I haven't seen either article. If I saw the full arguments I might change my mind.

For a BAR article by Taylor on the subject, see here. If she is proposing there that the CS treasure includes some Temple paraphrenalia and later tithes, which the summary seems to indicate, that makes more sense to me.

For many other PaleoJudaica posts on the Copper Scroll, start here and follow the links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Collins on the limits of Jewish identity

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: The Limits of Jewish Identity (John J. Collins).
The Limits of Jewish Identity: Comments on The Posen Library of Jewish Culture and Civilization, Vol.2, Emerging Judaism, 332 BCE–600 CE, ed. Carol Bakhos
As one might imagine, given the author, this is an excellent review of textual data and methodological issues for the question of what constituted Jewish literature, and therefore Judaism, in antiquity.

I fully agree with his conclusions regarding the Similitudes of Enoch. I have argued much the same about it in my book The Provenance of the Pseudepigrapha: Jewish, Christian, or other? (Brill, 2005), pp. 132-37. Incidentally, Professor Collins was the editor.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Cyprus and the Diaspora Revolt of 115-117 CE

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: When Cypriot Jews Revolted Against Rome. Archaeology shines light on little-known revolt (Marek Dospěl).
To explore the historical evidence for the Diaspora Revolt—including the New Testament and Roman historians—read Thomas Davis’s article “The Diaspora Revolt: Cyprus’s Forgotten Jewish Uprising,” published in the Spring 2026 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review.
The article is behind the subscription wall, but this BHD essay gives an informative summary of it.

The Diaspora Revolt took place in Cyprus, Cyrene (the Kitos War), Egypt, and Mesopotamia. PaleoJudaica has touched on this revolt here and there, but this is first detailed account I have found of its Cypriot component.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Thursday, May 07, 2026

Holm, Aramaic Literature from Egypt and the Levant (SBL)

NEW BOOK FROM SBL PRESS:
Aramaic Literature from Egypt and the Levant

Tawny L. Holm

ISBN 9781628377521
Volume WAW 30
Status Available
Publication Date May 2026

Paperback $90.00
Hardback $110.00
eBook $90.00

In this volume, Tawny L. Holm provides bilingual editions of the majority of Aramaic literary compositions written between the fifth century BCE and first century CE. Each text is presented in transliteration and accompanied by an introduction, notes, and an English translation. The section on Egypt includes, among others, the fascinating anthology found on Papyrus Amherst 63, an Aramaic text written in the Demotic Egyptian script, as well as the Story and Proverbs of Ahiqar. The Levant section includes a selection of texts from the Dead Sea Scrolls, such as Tales from the Persian Court. These compositions cover a broad array of themes, from insights into the human condition to unique portraits of kings, heroes, and deities. The book also addresses matters of history, language, genres, poetics, and scribalism, and it offers a comprehensive collection of primary sources for use in ancient Near Eastern studies courses as well as biblical studies.

HT Bibliographia Iranica.

I have been waiting a long time for this one. (Even well before these posts.) And the volume contains much more than I expected.

For PaleoJudaica posts on the remarkable collection of Aramaic and Canaanite texts in Demotic script in Papyrus Amherst 63, see the links in the previous paragraph, plus here, here, here, here, and here. And follow the links in those posts for more.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Review of Identities in antiquity

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: Identities in antiquity.
Joseph Skinner, Vicky Manolopoulou, Christina Tsouparopoulou, Identities in antiquity. Rewriting antiquity. London: Routledge, 2025. Pp. 590. ISBN 9781138545168.

Review by
Jeremy McInerney, University of Pennsylvania. jmcinern@sas.upenn.edu

... Overall, this volume is a valuable contribution to the discourse around identity. Its strength lies in its coverage of a wide variety of times and places, resulting a tome of nearly 600 pages, covering large segments of the ancient Mediterranean world over a span of hundreds of years.

Articles of particular interest:
11. Ancient Judaism: nation, ethnicity, or religion?: Erich S. Gruen
20. Identity construction in Alexandria: Greeks, Jews and Romans: Kimberley Czajkowski
And with articles on Mespotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Phoenicia, etc.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, May 06, 2026

New Lachish ostracon confirms Joseph's Canaanite title?

NORTHWEST SEMITIC EPIGRAPHY: New Inscription From Lachish Proves Early Use of Joseph’s Title. As Joseph was ‘šalit’ in Bronze Age Egypt, Baal was ‘šalit’ at Bronze Age Lachish (CHRISTOPHER EAMES, Armstrong Institute of Biblical Research).
Nevertheless, šalit has at least been generally recognized as a later Persian Period loan word, applied either during the editing or composition of these texts perhaps somewhere as late as the second half of the first millennium B.C.E.

A brand new inscription from Lachish, discovered just last year and published in a recent Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology article, challenges that conclusion—revealing the use of this word in the Levant as early as the second half of the second millennium B.C.E.—the end of the Late Bronze Age.

The underlying open-access article in the Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology:
A Late Bronze Age Canaanite Jar Inscription from the 2025 Excavation Season at Lachish

Daniel Vainstuba, Itamar Weissbeinb, Hoo-Goo Kangc, Shai Halevid, and Yosef Garfinkele

a Independent Researcher, dvainstub@gmail.com
b The Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, itamar.weissbein@mail.huji.ac.il
c Seoul Jangsin University, Korea, hoogoo7008@gmail.com
d Israel Antiquities Authority, shaih@israntique.org.il
e The Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, garfinkel@mail.huji.ac.il

Abstract
During the 2025 season of excavations at Tel Lachish, a partially preserved inscription was found in an unambiguous 12th-century BCE archaeological context associated with the site’s last Late Bronze Age settlement. The inscription consists of six letters written in red ink on the shoulder of a ceramic jar. Although the potsherd is horizontally broken, at the mid-height of the inscription, the surviving parts of the letters allow one to read the personal name Bʻlšlṭ. This name is built on the root šlṭ, which hitherto has been widely considered a much later (Persian period) loan from Aramaic. Furthermore, the inscription was written in the standardized Linear Canaanite script displaying cursive features, apparently by a person accustomed to writing with a stylus and ink.
A new Iron Age II Hebrew ostracon from Lachish was also published last year in the same journal.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

The Nessana excavation

THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST TODAY: Ancient Nessana: A Pilgrimage Site at the Edge of the Desert (Yana Tchekhanovets).
Located in the southwestern Negev, along the principal route linking Jerusalem and other significant holy sites with Mount Sinai, ancient Nessana is not associated with any biblical events or major relics. However, during the Byzantine period (ca. 5th-7th centuries CE), it emerged as a prominent Christian center and a vital caravan hub, facilitating travel to Sinai and the Egyptian monasteries.

Established during the Late Hellenistic period (2nd – 1st centuries BCE), Nessana subsequently accommodated a Byzantine garrison and attained its peak during the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods. The site is considered among the most significant Late Antique locations in the Eastern Mediterranean, largely due to the discovery of two papyri archives preserved by the arid climate. These documents, uncovered in the 1930s and dated to approximately 500–700 CE, offer critical insights into the daily life and economy of the settlement and its inhabitants, particularly their roles in agriculture and pilgrimage services; they also revealed the ancient name of the village: Νεσάνα.

[...]

Good. I'm glad the archaeologists are back at Nessana. I hope they make lots of discoveries, hopefully including more papyri. The previously discovered archives seem to have held mostly administrative texts. While I'm hoping, I hope that this time they find the library, ideally including some Greek and Aramaic Enochic books.

Background on Nessana (Nitzana) is here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Bremer-McCollum, The Pearlsong (Harvard University Press)

BIBLIOGRAPHIA IRANICA: The Pearlsong.

Notice of a New Book: Bremer-McCollum, Adam. 2025. The Pearlsong (Texts & Translations of Transcendence and Transformation). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Better known as The Hymn of the Pearl, this song is embedded in the Syriac text of the apocryphal Acts of Thomas. It arguably had a pre-history. There is a Greek version in the Greek translation of the Acts of Thomas. You can read an old English translation of it here.

There is a closely related collection of Coptic Manichean songs called The Psalms of Thomas. Links to an old English translation are at the bottom of that link.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, May 05, 2026

On the IAA's anti-theft unit

PROACTIVE ARCHAEOLOGY: The Fight to Preserve Israel’s History. The Israel Antiquities Authority’s anti-theft unit is waging its own war (HEATHER LEXA, Armstrong Institute of Biblical Archaeology).
For nine years, the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) and Israel’s Ministry of Heritage have been working together to preserve the history of the Jewish people and their ties to the land of Israel.

By excavating sites throughout Israel, the iaa’s Theft Prevention Unit, directed by Dr. Amir Ganor, has been able to prevent looters from stumbling upon and stealing ancient artifacts; the specialized unit also works to prevent illegal excavations. Ganor told Archaeology magazine that his crew is “a special police for antiquities.”

[...]

PaleoJudaica covered all of the stories mentioned in the article as they came out. For the ancient coins seized from a West Bank checkpoint, see here. For the half-shekel coin excavated in February, see here. For the 2014 Cave of Skulls looting, see here and for the scroll fragments subsequently excavated there, see here and links. For the Cave of Horror scroll fragments discovered in 2021, see here and links. The Neolithic basket comes up in some of those links too.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Filming completed for "The Resurrection of the Christ"

CINEMA: Mel Gibson’s ‘The Resurrection of the Christ’ Sequel, Out in 2027, Wraps Filming. (Stephanie Martin, ChurchLeaders).
“The Resurrection of the Christ,” the long-awaited follow-up to Mel Gibson’s 2004 blockbuster “The Passion of the Christ,” has completed seven months of shooting in Italy. In videos shared on social media, the cast and crew celebrate the completion of principal photography on the project.

[...]

This should be interesting. I'm especially looking forward to seeing how Gibson interacts with the Enochic literature:
The premise is so massive, Gibson added, because “you have to start with the fall of the angels in the firmament…right at the beginning.” The director said “The Resurrection of the Christ” will feature battles between angels and demons, as well as Jesus descending into hell.
See the above link and here for background. I don't know whether Aramaic or other ancient languages feature in the dialogue of these two movies, as it did in the first one.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai in the Talmud

FOR LAG B'OMER: Lag b’Omer: celebrating Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai. Long before the advent of modern-day celebrations of Yom Ha’atzmaut and Yom Yerushalayim one date pierced the gloom of the Omer period –Lag b’Omer. (YOSSI AARON, The Australian Jewish News).
But leaving aside mystical actions and teachings attributed to Rashbi in the Zohar, what do we know of him from sources such as the Talmud? We all know that he spent a total of 13 years hiding in a cave. But why?

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, May 04, 2026

Lag B'Omer 2026

LAG B'OMER, the 33rd day of the Counting of the Omer, begins tonight at sundown. Best wishes to all observing it.

My 2025 Lag B'Omer post is here. A subsequent related post is here.

For the biblical and rabbinic background of the holiday, see here and here.

UPDATE (5 May): More here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

New ISF study on Hebrew bullae announced

HEBREW EPIGRAPHY AND ANCIENT MATERIAL CULTURE: IAA reveals new study focused on ancient Jerusalem bullae in honor of Israel Excellence Week. According to the IAA, the study aims to examine Jerusalem's administrative systems from the First Temple period through the end of the Second Temple period (Miriam Sela-Eitam, Jerusalem Post).
Dr. Joe Uziel and Dr. Yiftah Shalev have been researching the bullae found in Jerusalem in order to study the finds from a “broad, long-term perspective,” the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) revealed in honor of Israel Excellence Week 2026.

The study, titled “Sealed and Sent: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study of Bullae from Jerusalem and Its Implications for Understanding the City's Administration,” will be conducted by Uziel and Shalev alongside scholars from academic institutions. ...

Rather than studying on the names and text inscribed on the bullae, Uziel and Shalev’s research focuses on the inner side of the bullae in attempt to figure out what they had been attached to. ...

That's a good idea. The results should be illuminating.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Hebron's Second Temple-era mikveh almost ready for visitors

CONSERVATION: Project to make Tel Hebron’s Second Temple mikveh accessible to visitors nearly complete, INPA says. Burda added that visitors to the site will be able to learn about the bath’s significance, its place within daily life, and “momentarily experience the religious and social reality of that era” (Miriam Sela-Eitam, Jerusalem Post).
The project to make the Second Temple mikveh (Jewish ritual bath) at the Tel Hebron archaeological site near Kiryat Arba more accessible to visitors is almost complete, the Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA) said on Thursday.

One of the largest of its kind in the country with a volume of nearly 200 cubic meters, the mikveh was was discovered in 2014 by the Civil Administration's Archaeology Staff Officer, under the direction of Dr. Emanuel Eisenberg and Professor David Ben Shlomo.

[...]

For more on the Second Temple-era ritual baths at Hebron, see here and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Was the Roman destruction of Jerusalem inevitable?

HISTORY: 2,000 years ago, ancient Roman forces annihilated Jerusalem. Was its destruction inevitable? The first of the Jewish-Roman wars was interrupted by one of the defining events of the 1st century, and gave birth to one of ancient Rome’s most powerful dynastie (James Osborne, HistoryExtra). HT Rogue Classicism.

A high flyover review of the first Jewish revolt against Rome (the Great Revolt) with some thoughtful observations.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Sunday, May 03, 2026

Dillon, John the Baptist and Composite Intertextuality in the Fourth Gospel (Brill)

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:
John the Baptist and Composite Intertextuality in the Fourth Gospel

The Evangelist's Archetypal Witness

Series:
Biblical Interpretation Series, Volume: 237

Author: Amber M. Dillon

Recent scholarship has focused on John’s relationship to Judaism, his intertextual method, and his portrayal of John the Baptist, yet few connect these topics. We know the Evangelist is a masterful storyteller, particularly with his characters, which raises the question: Could we view the relationship between the Fourth Gospel and Judaism through the lens of the Baptist? This study explores the intersection of scriptural allusions and characterization related to John the Baptist, uncovering another perspective to the complex interplay between Judaism and the Fourth Gospel. Readers will discover how John the Baptist emerges as a key figure, illuminating the narrative and reinforcing the Gospel’s themes. This engaging exploration challenges conventional interpretations and invites the reader to see the Fourth Gospel in a new light.

Copyright Year: 2026

E-Book (PDF)
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-75970-1
Publication: 17 Mar 2026
EUR €109.00

Hardback
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-75500-0
Publication: 08 Apr 2026
EUR €109.00

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Saturday, May 02, 2026

Mirotznik, The Portrayal of Pagan Worship in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Judaism (CUP)

NEW BOOK FROM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS:
The Portrayal of Pagan Worship in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Judaism

Author: Jesse Mirotznik, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Published: April 2026
Availability: Available
Format: Hardback
ISBN: 9781009691970

£95.00 GBP
Hardback

£95.00 USD
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Description

How did Jews in the ancient world depict the practices of their pagan contemporaries? In this study, Jesse Mirotznik investigates the portrayal of pagan worship in the Hebrew Bible and ancient Jewish literature. Scholars have assumed that the portrayals in these corpora are consistent over time. Mirotznik, however, shows that there is a fundamental discontinuity between earlier and later depictions of pagan worship. In the Hebrew Bible, these forms of worship are, for the most part, simply assumed to be sincere. By contrast, in ancient Jewish texts from approximately the end of the third century BCE and onward, such worship is increasingly presented as insincere, performed only instrumentally in the service of an ulterior motive. While the worshipers of other gods seem genuine in their devotion, these texts contend, they too must recognize the folly of such worship.

  • The book introduces a distinction between the normative elements of ancient Jewish views of the Other and the descriptive elements
  • Introduces the concept of Bad Faith as a lens through which to understand rhetoric about the Other
  • Examines the influence of Classical Studies on scholarship in ancient Judaism

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Friday, May 01, 2026

What was Pontius Pilate's actual title?

FOR ROMAN HISTORY NERDS: The Debate That Reveals How the Roman Empire Operated on Its Frontiers: Was Pontius Pilate a Procurator or a Prefect? (Guillermo Carvajal, LBV).
An academic study analyzes ancient sources and the famous "Pilate Stone" to resolve a centuries-old debate: Was he governor, procurator, or prefect?
Spoiler: the article argues that he was all of the above. Seems plausible.

The underlying article:

Kosior, W. J. (2026). Procurator or Prefect – remarks on the administration of Roman provinces in the context of Pontius Pilate’s title. Journal of Modern Science, 65(1), 564–585. doi.org/10.13166/jms/218203
The link is given at the bottom of the LBV article. The JMS article is open access, and there is an English abstract, but the article itself is in Polish.

For more on that Pontius Pilate inscription, see here. And there are many other posts on Pilate in the archives.

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The Idumean fiscal system in the Aramaic ostraca

BIBLIOGRAPHIA IRANICA: Land Tenure and Fiscal Practices in the Aramaic Corpus of Idumea.

Notice of a New Article: Shahryari, Mitchka L.M.J. 2026. Land Tenure and Fiscal Practices in the Aramaic Corpus of Idumea: Bow-Fields and Horse Estates. BASOR 395: 179-194.

Alas, behind a subscription wall. But you can read the abstract for free.

Cross-file under Aramaic Watch.

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Forthcoming: Ross, Baylor Handbook of Greek Ruth

WILLIAM A. ROSS: FOOK ANNOUNCEMENT: BAYLOR HANDBOOK ON GREEK RUTH.
This morning I’m excited to announce a new book coming to press very soon: Ruth: A Handbook on the Greek Text. This new volume is part of the ongoing Baylor Handbook on the Septuagint series (BHLXX).

[...]

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Thursday, April 30, 2026

Joel Kaminsky: autobiographical retrospective

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: A Retrospective from Joel Kaminsky.
Let me begin by thanking the editors of Ancient Jew Review for the opportunity to reflect on my scholarship and career. One way to illuminate my development as a teacher and scholar is to explain how my background and life experiences shaped me as a student, a professor, and a person.

[...]

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Lost Theban epics

THE ANXIOUS BENCH: The Lost Epics Of Thebes (Philip Jenkins).
Taken together, the Twelve-item cycle covered the history of the Greek world from the days of the primal gods and their struggles right up to the end of the “Homeric” era. The Titanomachia describes the war between the Titans and the Olympian deities. We then proceed to three works focused on the city and dynasty of Thebes, events that would have occurred in the generation or so before the Trojan struggle. And then on to Troy.
This essay continues Professor Jenkins's survey of lost Classical epics, begun here. See my comments there on the surviving sources for what we know about them.

Cross-file under Lost Books.

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Review of Sekita & Southwood (eds.), Death imagined

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: Death imagined: ancient perceptions of death and dying.
Karolina Sekita, Katherine Southwood, Death imagined: ancient perceptions of death and dying. Liverpool studies in ancient history. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2025. Pp. 336. ISBN 9781802077582.

Review by
Karen Bassi, University of California at Santa Cruz. bassi@ucsc.edu

Non-existence is unknowable. This philosophical truism underlies the myriad ways in which humans imagine and respond to death. In the succinct formulation of Michel Conche, “Death is the horizon of thought.”[1] Sekita and Southwood approach this horizon in a volume devoted to perceptions of death and dying within a broadly defined timeframe (antiquity) and geographical focus (the Mediterranean); a single chapter on Mesoamerica is included. Controlled for space and time, the principal variable is culture, specified as Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Etruscan, Incan, Judaic. The sources are literary and (predominantly) archaeological. ...

Chapters of notable interest for PaleoJudaica:
8. Memory, Monumentality, and the Tomb of the Royal Steward, Matthew J. Suriano

11. Imagining the Afterlife in the Psalms: The Episode of Mitchell Dahood and His Commentary, Christopher B. Hays

Also, lots of chapters of background interest.

The volume is available as open-access.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, April 29, 2026

Were the Temple lavers celestial chariots and did Josiah remove them?

PROF. JOANN SCURLOCK: The Ten Lavers in the Temple: Ezekiel-like, Celestial Chariots. (TheTorah.com).
Ten lavers, mounted on wheels, and decorated with images of lions, bulls, and cherubs, stood on either side of the bronze sea in the Jerusalem Temple’s courtyard. Are these the “chariots of the sun” (2 Kings 23:11) that Josiah’s reform purges from the Temple?
This is a very interesting idea, although the fact that the lavers were in the Temple for the Babylonians to take away (as noted in the essay), is a point against it.

It is also true that the sun rides in a chariot in extra-Israelite mythology (e.g. Greek Helios and Mesopotamian Utu/Shamash), so Josiah could have been removing mythological architectual additions by his predecessor King Manasseh (cf. 2 Kings 21:3-7). But who knows?

If Prof. Scurlock is right, perhaps Ezekiel approved of Josiah's reform. His (imaginary) restored Temple had cherub decorations (Ezek 41:17-20, 25), but there is no mention of the lavers.

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Lilith art exhibition

SIDNEY AND GERTRUDE ZACK GALLERY, VANCOUVER:
Lilian Broca: Lilith Part of the Festival of Jewish Culture

Sponsored by Averbach Family Foundation and Ben Shneiderman

May 20 – June 29
ARTIST RECEPTION: Wednesday May 20, 6pm – 8pm
ARTIST TALK: Tuesday, May 26, 7pm

View Photo Book

Throughout her career, Lilian Broca has explored subjects ranging from intimate relationships and personal objects to brides, goddesses, and foundational myths, examining narratives that have shaped Western cultural identity. Since 1980, her work has increasingly focused on women and the forces that shape female self-image.

In this exhibition, Broca revisits the myth of Lilith, Adam’s first wife, with symbolic intensity, exploring the struggle of an empowered, independent woman whose conflicts echo those faced by women today. Drawing on lesser-known texts, she highlights Lilith’s refusal to submit, her departure from Adam, and her embrace of autonomy—offering an alternative origin story that challenges dominant narratives and reclaims female agency.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

“Syria: From Symbol to Letter” Exhibition

ON THE HISTORY OF WRITING: Damascus exhibition traces origins of writing in Syria from symbols to alphabet (R.H., SANA).
Damascus, April 28 (SANA) A new exhibition at the National Museum in Damascus traces the evolution of writing in Syria, from prehistoric symbols carved in stone to the emergence of the world’s earliest alphabet, highlighting Syria’s historical role in the development of writing.

Organized by the Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums, the exhibition “Syria: From Symbol to Letter” presents key milestones in the development of writing over the millennia. ...

Includes displays of Mari cuneiform tablets, Ugaritic tablets, and lots more.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, April 28, 2026

Top Ten Discoveries Related to Ezra and Nehemiah

BIBLE ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT: Top Ten Discoveries Related to Ezra and Nehemiah (Bryan Windle). HT Todd Bolen at the Bible Places Blog.
The books of Ezra and Nehemiah record the return of the Jewish exiles to Jerusalem in the Persian era, focusing on the rebuilding of the temple and the city walls, as well as the spiritual reforms they initiated. In the Hebrew Bible (the Old Testament in Christian Bibles), Ezra and Nehemiah form a single book. Not everyone agrees that these accounts are historically reliable. Lester L. Grabbe, for example, calls them a “ripping yarn” and claims that they “do not inspire confidence that we have genuine historical data.”1 On the other hand, archaeology has demonstrated that numerous people, places, and events within the books are historically accurate. Here are the top ten archaeological discoveries related to Ezra and Nehemiah, which help demonstrate the historicity of these biblical books.
The discoveries are informative, whatever they demonstrate.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

What do women contribute to making babies?

DR. SHANA STRAUCH-SCHICK: What Do Women Contribute to a Baby’s Conception? (TheTorah.com).
Seed, blood, or nothing? This debate among the Greeks about the role of women in the development of a fetus influenced the way Second Temple and Rabbinic interpreters understood the meaning of the biblical verse "If a woman emits seed" (Leviticus 12:2).

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Another "ancient" Hebrew manuscript in Turkey

APPREHENDED BUT FAKE: Turkey seizes rare ancient Hebrew manuscript in major antiquities smuggling crackdown (All Israel News).
The Turkish media portal Türkiye Today published a report on Monday about the ongoing efforts to combat the illegal trade in antiquities that are often looted from legitimate archaeological digs throughout the region.

The report included details about an archaeological artifact recently seized by police, along with other contraband that smugglers were attempting to sell on the black market. The item is a two-meter manuscript inscribed on python skin with gold Hebrew script, which is of particular interest to the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). It had been rolled up and stored inside a copper case with an “ornate, embossed lid,” according to the report.

[...]

Granted, the parchment medium for this manuscript is creative, but is the IAA really interested in it? I doubt it.

YNet News has also covered the story, with a marginally better copy of the very bad photo:

Hebrew text in gold on python skin seized in Turkey black-market antiquities probe. Authorities in Gaziantep say they seized a two-meter python-skin manuscript inscribed with Hebrew letters in gold and detained a foreign national suspected of illegal excavations and trying to sell the rare artifact on the black market (Yogev Israeli).

The item is consistent with the types of finds usually uncovered by antiquities traffickers operating across the region. Illegal excavations at archaeological sites remain an ongoing problem that Turkish authorities are trying to combat.
This scroll is indeed consistent with some finds seized from antiquities traffickers in the region. My assessment is that, like many of them, it is clearly a fake.

By expanding the bad photo you can get a blurry look at the the text on the scroll. It consists of a continuous string of Hebrew letters with no clear word divisions and no words, at least that I can make out. As the headline notes, the letters and images are gold, which is a hallmark of recent fakes.

I am not a specialist in ancient iconography, but the images don't look ancient to me either. Compare, for example, the hexagram design to the hexagram in another Turkish fake noted here (second link). The article noted here has a photo with a very similar hexagram design and a griffin underneath it holding a menorah. The griffin design in the current (python parchment) manuscript on the right side has a nearly identical griffin that appears to be next to an (only partly visible) large menorah image.

All that said, as always, I commend the Turkish police for going hard on antiquities smuggling.

There are many legitimate ancient epigraphic and other archaeological discoveries coming out of Turkey. I cover them all the time. But many dodgy "ancient" Hebrew, Aramaic, and Syriac manuscripts also turn up, generally recovered by the police from smugglers. This looks to me to be one of the latter. I tend to ignore them, but I do note one occasionally. For lots more of them see here and the relevant link.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.