Anxious Adam

PHILIP JENKINS AT THE ANXIOUS BENCH: Enter Adam.

In the mid-first century AD, St. Paul wrote some hugely influential words about Adam, the Fall, and original sin. As I have argued, these ideas seem at variance with earlier Biblical traditions and Jewish thought, in which Adam’s story made little impact. Around Paul’s time, though, that saga was attracting increasing interest. Paul, oddly, was riding a fashionable wave.

[...]

Professor Jenkins continues his segue from Satan to the Fall and Adam. By the way, I am very skeptical about there ever having been Jewish originals of either The Life of Adam and Eve or The Apocalypse of Adam. I think they were both probably Christian compositions.

Khirbet Summeily and those tenth-century bullae

ASOR BLOG: Iron Age Bullae from Officialdom’s Periphery: Khirbet Summeily in Broader Context. James W. Hardin, Christopher A. Rollston, and Jeffrey A. Blakely provide lots of interesting background on the site where those tenth-century BCE anepigraphic (i.e. without writing) bullae were excavated and why they are important. Excerpt:

We believe that the remains discovered at Summeily demonstrate a level of politico-economic activity that has not been suspected for the late Iron Age I and early Iron Age IIA. This is especially the case if one integrates data from nearby Hesi. Taken together, we contend these reflect greater political complexity and integration across the transitional Iron I/IIA landscape than has been appreciated. Many scholars have tended to dismiss trends toward political complexity (that is, state formation) occurring prior to the arrival of the Assyrians in the region in the later eighth century BCE. However, based on our work in the Hesi region, we believe these processes began much earlier.

Background here.

Marcus Borg 1942-2015

SAD NEWS: RIP: Marcus Borg, theologian and historical Jesus expert, dies at 72.

[Episcopal News Service] Marcus J. Borg, a New Testament scholar, theologian and author who was associated for years with the search for the historical Jesus and who sought to put the New Testament in what he believed was its proper context, died Jan. 21.

[...]

Requiescat in pace.

More on that "first-century" Mark fragment

P. J. WILLIAMS: Questions about "First Century Mark." (ETC Blog). Good questions, all. It is difficult to imagine how exactly either paleography or C-14 dating could establish that a manuscript was written "during the first century - before the year 90." Neither is that precise, and normally such things are dated something like 100 CE plus or minus 50 years, or maybe 50 CE plus or minus 50 years. And even this level of precision is often not possible. I also wonder how soaking the manuscript with soapy water might corrupt the C-14 dating, but I don't know whether it does or not.

The bottom line is that we have reports of a very early manuscript fragment of the Gospel of Mark, but we are expected for now to take everything about it on faith. We don't know how extensive it is. We don't know if it has interesting textual variants. We don't have a photograph. We have not been presented with scientific data regarding any C-14 dating or paleographical arguments about the date of its script. Now it is certainly possible that this really is a roughly first-century manuscript of Mark. The consensus is that Mark was written around 70 CE, so there is no reason in principle why a fragment of a manuscript copied within twenty or thirty years of the composition of the book couldn't have survived. That would be very lucky indeed, but sometimes we are lucky. But until we have a full publication of the manuscript with all the information listed above, it's just unverified talk. Once we do, if specialists in the relevant areas come to a consensus that it really is a first-century manuscript, no one will be happier than I. But meanwhile I am ... you guessed it ... skeptical.

Just as I was about to press publish, I saw this blog post by Roberta Mazza, which raises additional concerns. Background to the story is here and links.

Progress in reading the Herculaneum scrolls

TECHNOLOGY WATCH: Words emerge from ancient scrolls charred during eruption of Vesuvius. Powerful x-ray technique reveals letters and words on two fire-damaged scrolls from Herculaneum and provides clues to the author of one (Ian Sample, The Guardian). For some time I have been following efforts to recover the text of the carbonized scrolls from Herculaneum. The latest media reports seem to indicate that there has been a little progress.

Scientists at the National Research Council in Naples found they could read some of the scrolls without opening them by peering inside with x-rays. The procedure they developed, called x-ray phase contrast tomography (XPCT), could pick out the black ink against the charred papyrus sheet because of a tiny but distinct difference in the way the two materials refracted the x-rays.

Using XPCT, Vito Mocella and others revealed letters from the Greek alphabet and several distinctive words on two fire-damaged scrolls, one rolled, the other unrolled. The scrolls had been handed to Napoleon Bonaparte as a gift in 1802 and now belong to the Institute of France.

X-ray images taken of the unrolled scroll identified two words written in a hidden layer of the payrus. On one line, the researchers spotted Greek capital letters spelling out a word meaning “would fall”. On the next line, they found another Greek word meaning “would say”.

The rolled-up scroll was badly damaged and flattened from the blast of the eruption, making it tougher to read out the words on the papyrus. But Mocella said they could make out several letters from incomplete words. Some letters might have spelt out Greek words meaning “to deny” or “for”, with other letters resembling the word for “the”.
Advertisement

The images produced by the x-ray machine gave the scientists rare clues to the author of the scrolls. On close inspection, they found that the handwriting style of the rolled-up scroll was similar to that of another Herculaneum papyrus written by the Epicurean philosopher Philodemus, who may have written the text in the first century BC.

As I have said before, non-destructive and non-invasive scanning technologies are the way of the future. Bit by bit, a letter at a time, whatever it takes. Until we're done.

Some past posts on the Herculaneum scrolls and efforts to recover their texts are here, here, and links.

Orna Amrani

ART: Amrani's Judaica available at show (Randall P. Lieberman, South Florida Sun-Sentinel).

Israeli-born Orna Amrani, a mixed media artist from Fort Lauderdale, has gained international acclaim for her innovative, three-dimensional creations. These creations are exhibited in galleries throughout the United States and abroad.

Amrani's art — which reflects her Jewish heritage — may be seen in the traditional designs, themes and motifs that echo her love of Jerusalem and Israel. Her creations demonstrate a lifelong interest in the Dead Sea Scrolls, as well as the scrolls of the ancient Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews.

Amrani is just one of many artists who will be displaying their work at the sixth annual Boca Raton Fine Art Show, which will take place outdoors from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Jan. 24-25 in downtown Boca Raton in Sanborn Square Park (71 N. Federal Highway — at the corner of Palmetto Park Road and Federal Highway).

[...]

South Florida seems to be a happening place for matters PaleoJudaic. This article doesn't show much of Ms. Amrani's work, but you can find lots more in the galleries at her website.

The afterlife in Judaism

IT'S COMPLICATED: What is the Jewish afterlife like? From dark netherworld populated by ghosts to reincarnation to multiple souls: The Jewish concept of the afterlife has been to hell and back. (Elon Gilad, Haaretz).

There's a Jewish joke that says there's no Heaven or Hell: we all go to the same place when we die, where Moses and Rabbi Akiva give constant and everlasting classes on the Bible and the Talmud. For the righteous this is eternal bliss, while for the wicked this is eternal suffering.

But that's a joke. What do Jews actually believe happens to them after death?

There is no simple answer: at different times and in different places, Jews had different ideas. These varying thoughts were never reconciled or canonically decided. Thus, even today, Jews believe in different, often irreconcilable, theories of what life after death is like.

[...]

This or that detail could be tweaked or added (for example, there is some evidence that Philo of Alexandria believed in reincarnation), but overall this is a good summary of the history of beliefs about the afterlife in Judaism.

Read it fast before it goes behind the subscription paywall. You can also read up to 6 Haaretz articles per month with a (free) registration.

Maggie Anton's gigs

NOVELIST MAGGIE ANTON, who writes about ancient Jewish characters and themes, is lecturing in Florida this month: Author fuses interests in magic and Talmud (Marvin Glassman, South Florida Sun-Sentinel).

Author Maggie Anton has fused her interests in magic and Talmudic thought through her six books set in ancient Babylon. Anton will be discussing her latest book "Enchantress," a novel recreating the life of Rav Hinda's daughter, at ten venues from Jan. 23-Feb. 1 in South Florida.

[Stuff regular readers of PaleoJudaica already know, and which can be found in greater detail here and links.]

Anton's talks in South Florida include the following dates and locations:

Jan. 23-24 Anton featured in Scholars Weekend at Temple Beth Shmuel, 1700 Michigan Ave. in Miami Beach.

Jan. 26 at 7 p.m. at Congregation Kol Tikvah, 6750 N. University Dr. in Parkland.

Jan. 27 at 7 p.m. at Miami Beach Jewish Community Center, 4221 Pine Tree Dr. in Miami Beach.

Jan. 30-31 at Sisterhood Shabbat Weekend at B'nai Torah Congregation, 6261 SW 18 St. in Boca Raton.

For other locations with dates and times to hear Anton discuss "Enchantress," go to http://www.maggieanton.com

Postdoc and PhD positions for "Reconfiguring Diaspora"

THE UNIVERSITY OF UTRECHT:

Job description

You will work within the framework of a project entitled Reconfiguring Diaspora. The Transformation of the Jewish Diaspora in Late Antiquity. The project has been funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (N.W.O.). The project’s director is Prof. dr. Leonard V. Rutgers. You will be based at Utrecht University. There you will be part of the Department of History and Art History, Section Ancient History and Classical Civilization.

The prime objective of the research project is to reconfigure the classical notion of Diaspora by studying the massive social and cultural changes that affected Jewish communities throughout the Mediterranean during the transitional period that saw the demise of the classical world and the rise of medieval society. This project places special emphasis on the phenomenon of linguistic change as it seeks to come to a new understanding of the larger social and cultural patterns at play in named process. Questions to be addressed include: why and how were the Jewish communities of the Diaspora marginalized, how did this affect their Diasporic self-consciousness, and what factors explain why intragroup relations in Europe have developed along the lines laid down during precisely this period?

Within the project, two PhD positions and one Postdoc position are available for the following projects:

The Renaissance of Hebrew among the Jewish communities of the West (PhD)
The Renaissance of Hebrew and Aramaic among the Jewish communities of the East (PhD)
The Construction of Eretz Israel in Rabbinic Literature (postdoc)

The project has been structured in such a way that PhD and the postdoc candidates are expected to cooperate closely and intensively with one another and with the project leader. You must be willing to do some research travel and are also expected to participate in the organization of several international conferences and in the writing of occasional blogs for the project’s website.

Here are the two advertisements:

Job - Postdoc 'Reconfiguring Diaspora, the Transformation of the Jewish diaspora in Late Antiquity' (0,8 - 1,0 fte)

Job - 2 PhD researchers 'Reconfiguring Diaspora, the Transformation of the Jewish Diaspora in Late Antiquity' (1,0 fte)

Follow the links for further particulars. The adverts say to apply within twelve days, so don't dawdle.

Thanks to Prof. dr. Leonard V. Rutgers for drawing the project and positions to my attention.

Interview with Maggie Anton

MAGGIE ANTON, author of a number of novels about PaleoJudaic women, is interviewed by David Crumpler at jacskonville.com: Author of historical novels to speak at Jacksonville Jewish Center. Maggie Anton's 2 most recent books inspired by ancient Jewish magic. Excerpt, with reference to one of her earlier books, Rav Hisda's Daughter:

The daughter’s name is Hisdadukh [in the novel].

The Talmud just calls her Rav Hisda’s daughter. … One of the things I found from looking at these incantation bowls where they all name the clients was that a lot of the women, maybe a quarter or a third of the female clients, their name was something or other “dukh,” which is ancient Persian for daughter. They were named after their father, so I thought Hisdadukh was actually her name.

My daughter said, “Oh, that’s a terrible name, nobody can pronounce it, you’ve got to give her a nickname.” But I said that’s probably her name. I try to be really accurate and authentic. I did give her a nickname at my daughter’s insistence. I called her “Dada,” which is also a name I saw on an incantation bowl. Anyway, that’s what I ended up having the family call her, just to make it easier on my poor readers.

For much more on this and her other novels, go here and follow the links all the way back to 2006.

Uber, chalitza, and the Talmud

THIS WEEK'S DAF YOMI COLUMN BY ADAM KIRSCH IN TABLET: In Matters of Divorce, as in Uber’s ‘Surge Pricing,’ What’s Unjust Isn’t Always Illegal. This week’s ‘Daf Yomi’ probes the connection between the magical thinking of the Bible and the rational concerns of the Talmud. Excerpt:

This surprisingly contemporary point of law came up during the rabbis’ discussion of an extremely ancient ritual—a combination of the remote and the familiar that feels characteristic of the Talmud. Since the beginning of Tractate Yevamot, which deals primarily with levirate marriage, we have heard that although a man is legally obligated to marry his dead brother’s widow, there is an escape clause. If either party doesn’t want to go through with the marriage, they can perform the ceremony called chalitza, or “removal.” The form of this ceremony is spelled out in Deuteronomy: In front of a court of elders, the woman must remove the man’s shoe and spit in front of him, while saying, “So shall it be done to the man who does not build his brother’s house.”

The passage in question is Deuteronomy 25:5-10. I don't know what the rabbinic rule was, but the rule in Deuteronomy is rather more confrontative, in that the woman spits not in front of the man, but in his face. (The two Hebrew expressions are almost the same, but the only reason for reading the specific wording of the passage as "in front of him" is to try to tone down its most natural meaning.) That said, in the only place in the Hebrew Bible when the rule is actually implemented, Ruth 4:1-12, the sandal transfer is between the two men and there is no spitting involved. So it looks as though even the ancient Israelites may have thought that Deuteronomy's version was over the top.

Earlier Daf Yomi columns are noted here and links.

Anxious Satan

PHILIP JENKINS AT THE ANXIOUS BENCH has been giving the Devil his due and more with a series of posts on Satan and the Fall. Links below with opening excerpts.

The Rise of Satan

The story of Satan is one of remarkable upward mobility. Let me tell that story in barebones form here, and then discuss it in more detail in subsequent posts.

The Devil’s Progress

I remarked that Satan is difficult to trace in the canonical Old Testament, but that he becomes prominent in later centuries, in the so-called Inter-Testamental period (a phrase I hate, but let that pass).

Creating Satan

In the last centuries before the Christian Era, the Devil enjoyed an impressive rise both in his professional status and his assigned areas of responsibility.

From being a minor official at the Heavenly Court, he rose to become a fully-fledged adversary of God, almost an anti-God, and like the deity he acquired his own institutional hierarchy of inferior angels. Many of those operatives also bore individual names and titles. Satan’s authority extended to the material world, and he could rely on the faithful service of significant numbers of the human population. As part of his professional advancement, his career history was retroactively written to build up his role in historic events, especially the Fall of Man.

In Search of the Fall

The two centuries or so before Jesus’s time were a wildly productive era in terms of Jewish thought. It is in this time for instance that we find the full development of such ideas as Satan and angels, the afterlife and the apocalypse. I have been pursuing one concept in particular that would have enormous consequences for Christian thought, namely the hereditary taint of original sin traceable to Adam’s Fall. It’s a tough quest, and we must follow a route that is, well, serpentine.

Lots more on the Devil/Satan (etc.) here and links.

Kotker, The Inner Sea

NEW(ISH) NOVEL: The Inner Sea: A Novel of the Year 100 by Zane Kotker.

Kotker returns this September with The Inner Sea: A Novel of the Year 100. A globalizing Rome has taken nations and tribes by force, and the loss of national and tribal identity leaves people adrift in an indifferent empire. To whom does one belong? An aging widow sends her former slave across the sea to fetch her granddaughter. A silver merchant dispatches his son on a trading journey around the Mediterranean, where Jews and Christians are pulling apart from each other. The Jews find themselves without their centralizing Temple and the Christians without their Son of God. Fatalists trust to the stars; Stoics and Epicureans to themselves. The two young people cross paths, bringing down the worlds of their parents and ultimately testing the wisdom of the man whom Rome calls Son of God-the emperor, Trajan.

Recommended on Facebook by Bob Kraft, who reports that he gave some feedback to an early draft.

TC 19

ONLINE JOURNAL: TC: A Journal of Biblical Textual Criticism vol. 19 (2014) (Tommy Wasserman, ETC). The post includes links, titles, abstracts, and books reviewed.

Art meets ANE epigraphy

EXHIBITION: A Steady, Confident Hand: Bell's Drawings on Display at Ithaca's Handwork (Cassandra Palmyra, ithaca.com).

[Rhiannon] Bell visited the Johnson Museum at Cornell to draw Sumerian cuneiform tablets, some of them from 3350 BCE. Both pictographs and the wedge-shaped impressions that give the system its name have been imprinted on the older clay slabs. More recent (but still very old) tablets are covered only with lines and wedges.

Bell renders these artifacts as three-dimensional objects (“illusionism”) as if they were lighted from all sides, except directly beneath the tablet. The depictions are so precise and accurate that even the varying states of preservation can be detected. It is impressive to stand four feet away and have your brain fooled quite completely, and then to move in on the surface and have the deft crosshatches emerge.

The artist would seem to have seen the work documents of an archeologist or a paleo-philologist and noticed the beauty inherent in careful recordkeeping. Several drawings recreate pages from notebooks or journals where an alphabet is being presented letter by letter, the glyphs arranged in a column with explanatory text penned in neat letters next to each one. The text about Sumerian, Hebrew and Phoenician languages is written in various modern languages.

Bell is exploring the relationship between drawing and writing. Each letter in our alphabet began as a picture of an object. The sound of that letter is matched to the sound of the first syllable in the spoken name for the object. For example, the Phoenician word aleph means “ox” and the pictograph for the first letter of their alphabet looks like a horned ox head.

The photo doesn't show her work clearly, but you can see a nice example here.

Roth, The Text of Marcion’s Gospel

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:

The Text of Marcion’s Gospel

Dieter T. Roth, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

In The Text of Marcion’s Gospel Dieter T. Roth offers a new, critical reconstruction of Marcion’s Gospel including various levels of certainty for readings in this Gospel text. An extensive history of research, overview of both attested and unattested verses in the various sources, and methodological considerations related, in particular, to understanding the citation customs of the sources set the stage for a comprehensive analysis of all relevant data concerning Marcion’s Gospel. On the basis of this new reconstruction significant issues in the study of early Christianity, including the relationship between Marcion’s Gospel and Luke and the place of Marcion in the history of the canon and the formation of the fourfold Gospel, can be considered anew.

Articles on the Yazidis

GORGIAS PRESS has recently released a 1961 article about the beliefs and customs of the Yezidis (Yazidis). It is by Thomas Bois, O.P., it was published in al-Machriq, and is in French: LES YEZIDIS: ESSAI HISTORIQUE ET SOCIOLOGIQUE SUR LEUR ORIGINE RELIGIEUSE.

Also, related, a recent article by Gerard Russell in the Washington Post: The Middle East is full of ancient, mysterious religious sects. The Islamic State is wiping them out.. Excerpt:

Yazidis like Mirza don’t know even the basic tenets of their faith. These groups’ holy books are carefully hidden from lay people; the priests who read them must promise never to reveal their contents. Entering these leadership ranks isn’t easy, either. Among the Mandaeans of southern Iraq, for example, a people who revere John the Baptist and believe in a colorful array of demons and planetary angels, a would-be priest must spend seven days without food or sleep.

There are at least half a dozen groups in the Middle East which follow this code of secrecy. Their adherents number more than 5 million in Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Iraq. They include Syrian president Bashar al-Assad’s Alawite sect, and also the Yazidis.

Background here and links.

Taking the red pill

TONY BURKE: Reflections on Teaching Gnosticism Week 1: Who Will Take the Red Pill?

More on modern reflections of Gnosticism, including Gnostic readings of The Matrix, here and links.

New books on Christian Palestinian Aramaic

NEW BOOKS FROM PEETERS (ARAMAIC WATCH):

A Dictionary of Christian Palestinian Aramaic

Series:
Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 234

Authors: Sokoloff M.

Year: 2014
ISBN: 978-90-429-3183-1
Pages: XLII-466 p.
Price: 90 EURO

Summary:
Christian Palestinian Aramaic is the name of the Aramaic dialect spoken and written by the Melkite community in Palestine during the first millennium CE. Nearly all of the texts that have survived in this dialect are translations of religious texts originally composed in Greek for the use of members of this community whose only language was Aramaic.
The only complete dictionary of this dialect was published over a century ago by Fr. Schulthess in 1903. However, since then, many new texts have been published and many previously known ones have been restudied and republished more accurately by various scholars.
The present work has taken into account all of the existing texts as well as the secondary literature in order to make this new dictionary an essential tool for Aramaic scholarship.


Texts of Various Contents in Christian Palestinian Aramaic

Series:
Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 235

Authors: Sokoloff M.

Year: 2014
ISBN: 978-90-429-3184-8
Pages: X-247 p.
Price: 70 EURO

Summary:
This book has been planned to be used together with the author's Dictionary of Christian Palestinian Aramaic. The texts which form the basis of this volume were originally published in a large number of scattered publications making both their citation in the dictionary and their use by the reader difficult. The purpose of the present work has been to gather all of these texts into one convenient volume and to republish them in the original Palestinian Aramaic script and format. Additionally, a number of Appendices dealing with this Aramaic dialect have been added to clarify other issues concerning the dictionary.

Reviewlet of Porter, Constantine Tischendorf

LARRY HURTADO: Constantine Tischendorf: New Book. I noted this book when it came out from Bloomsbury late last year.

Biblical sayings in Modern Hebrew

FOR HEBREW LANGUAGE WEEK: 4 Biblical Sayings That Spice Up Today’s Hebrew (P. David Hornik, PJMedia). The third one is my favorite. I have found it useful in many circumstances.

Background here.

Special issue of Iraninan Studies

ARASH ZEINI: Religious trends in late ancient and early Islamic Iran. This special issue of Iranian Studies includes some relevant articles involving Judaism.

The earliest manuscript of the NT?

ASKING THE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS: What is the Oldest Manuscript of the New Testament? (Dirk Jongkind, ETC).

More on recent developments regarding P52 here.

Also, possibly related, Dorothy Lobel King asks: Is this More of the "First Century" Gospel of Mark? I haven't been following this story very carefully, but I have some background here and here and links. I am not a Greek epigrapher and I have no view about any possible relationship of these fragments to one another.

MNTA1 goes to press

TONY BURKE ON TWITTER:

New Testament Apocrypha: More Noncanonical Scriptures Vol. 1 is off to the publisher. Now for vol, 2.

I know the feeling. Congratulations, Tony and Brent.

Huehnergard on Cross

JOHN HUEHNERGARD: The Contributions of Frank Moore Cross to Semitic and Hebrew Philology (BASOR 372 [2014] via Academia.edu). Abstract:

Frank Moore Cross’s contributions to Semitic and Hebrew philology were both direct and indirect: direct, in his publications on aspects of Hebrew, Phoenician, and Aramaic grammar; and indirect, in his insistence on the rigorous use of philological method in the study of ancient texts, whether those were Ugaritic inscriptions, or Aramaic papyri, or the Hebrew Bible. Te application of historical and comparative Semitic linguistics not only pervades his many publications, but was something that Cross taught his students to apply in their research as well. While Cross was better known for his contributions to biblical history, epigraphy, and Qumran studies, his deep knowledge of Semitic philology, and his meticulous use of it in his research, also marked him as one of the foremost philologists of the 20th century.

Yes. I am very fortunate to have learned philology and epigraphy from Cross and Comparative Semitics and the historical grammar of Hebrew from Huehnergard. Lots more on Frank Cross here and links.

Award for Outside the Bible

THE ARTY SEMITE: National Jewish Book Award Winners Are Here (Anne Cohen, The Forward). Under Scholarship the Nahum M. Sarna Memorial Award has been given to:

“Outside the Bible, 3-Volume Set: Ancient Jewish Writings Related to Scripture”
Louis H. Feldman, James L. Kugel and Lawrence H. Schiffman, eds.
Jewish Publication Society

Background here and here and links.

Roman-era glass

EXHIBITION: Met Museum Exhibit Features Ancient Roman Glass on Loan from Israel (The Jewish Voice).

In the early first century A.D. the most outstanding examples of Roman mold-blown glass were made by a craftsman called Ennion, and products of his workshop are the focus of the exhibition Ennion: Master of Roman Glass, opening December 9 at The Metropolitan Museum of Art. This is the first exhibition of ancient glass organized by the Metropolitan, which has one of the finest collections of this material in the world.

The dangers of buying antiquities in Israel

A TRICKY QUESTION: Can you buy genuine antiquities in Israel? Even If you're getting a real artifact from Israelite history, chances are it's not kosher (Marty Friedlander, Haaretz). The basic answer is in this excerpt:

An artifact of "unknown provenance" can be sold; one from Tel Maresha or any other specific place will go to a museum collection or basement.

Which brings us back to the original question: Is that Persian period juglet in the store window genuine?

The shopkeeper will say yes. And most likely, it is. There’s such an abundance of genuine material available that it makes no sense to start making counterfeit pots and vessels.

Ah, but was it robbed as part of an illegal excavation? This is a far tougher question, one that if asked is liable to have you thrown out of the store. “Don’t ask, don’t tell” is the byword of this business.

Coins are different. They are more likely to be counterfeit, several Old City antiquities dealers admitted to this reporter. Archaeologists concur.

Then there is this way to acquire a genuine antiquity, which is win-win all around:

An alternative to acquiring antiquities in the somewhat unsavory retail marketplace is to burrow through the stockpile of less-significant shards at an actual dig site. For instance, at Israel’s most popular hands-on archaeology-for-a-day program, “Dig for a Day” at Tel Maresha, the staff scrubs, examines and catalogs all of the shards found by the volunteers, and then offers the diggers a chance to take home the discards, which consist mainly of shards that lack identifying features.

For the archaeologist, the piece may be no more than a discard. But when the tourist sees it on her coffee table back home, it conjures up the memory of that day when she felt such a strong physical connection to an ancient culture, that is still very much alive.

More on the discovery of the fragments of the Heliodorus stele is here and links.

Repetition and Difference Exhibition

YAREAH MAGAZINE: New York exhibitions. The Jewish Museum Presents Exhibition of Contemporary Art and Collection Objects that Explore Repetition and Difference in Art With Over 350 Works of Contemporary Art, Judaica, and Archaeological Objects.

Repetition and Difference will feature works from the Museum’s collection—one of the largest and most comprehensive Judaica collections in the world—that have never before been exhibited in such profusion. Among the highlights are 45 examples of seemingly identical 18th-and 19th-century Hanukkah lamps from Eastern Europe that, on closer observation, display a multitude of motifs as well as small differences due to model condition or casting flaws. A group of 100 silver coins from 126/25 B.C.E. to 58/59 C.E. provide a rare opportunity to examine the contrast between the remarkable consistency in imagery over time and their variations due to human involvement in the minting process. The exhibition will also include boldly patterned 19th-century German Torah binders, enigmatic Judahite pillar figurines from ancient Israel, ornately decorated 19th-and-20th century Iranian marriage contracts, elegant silver spice containers, mezuzah cases, and more.

Ben Hur "reboot"

VARIETY MAGAZINE: Rodrigo Santoro to Play Jesus in ‘Ben-Hur’ (Dave McNary). Actually the article says that Mr. Santoro "is in negotiations to portray Jesus" in the new production of the 1880 novel. The new film is slated for release in 2016.

Jesus Spoke Aramaic

ARAMAIC WATCH: JesusSpokeAramaic.com, A New WebSite for Learning Aramaic. Technically, Jesus spoke first-century Galilean Aramaic (about which we know all too little) but this website seems mostly to teach Syriac. But that is a good thing too. I don't know enough about it to endorse it or not, but the price is right. So you might want to have a look.

The Dovekeepers trailer

THE UPCOMING MINISERIES THE DOVEKEEPERS has now had its first trailer released:



Background here and links.

Jack Sasson retires

VANDERBILT NEWS: Listen: Renowned scholar of Hebrew Bible and ancient Near East retires from teaching.

Although Sasson, the founding director of Vanderbilt’s Program in Jewish Studies, has taught his last class, he will continue his scholarship in Assyriology and Hebrew Bible. Last May, Yale University Press published Sasson’s Judges: 1-12, A New Translation, with Introduction and Commentary. “That book ended up only covering the first 12 chapters of Judges because I had so much material,” Sasson said. “Now I need to start with Samson and focus on chapters 13-21.

Sasson has just now completed a volume that translates and annotates more than 700 letters and administrative documents from the clay tablets found at the Middle-Euphrates town of Mari. Information gleaned from the tablets provides an informed perspective on life in Mesopotamia in 18th century B.C.E.

Best wishes to Jack for a long, happy, and productive retirement. And if we thought the Agade List was active before, well, just wait ...

More on Jack Sasson here and links.

Glory and discomfiting sex in the Talmud

THIS WEEK'S DAF YOMI COLUMN BY ADAM KIRSCH IN TABLET: Let’s Talk About Sex With Minors, Rape, and ‘Uncovering the Nakedness’ of Sisters. Talmudic rabbis, gladiators of the mind, sought glory and eternal fame—but also pondered the mundane side of being human.

Glory is not usually considered an important Jewish value. The ancient Greeks and Romans built whole cultures around the pursuit of individual glory and eternal fame, and much of the Western ethos of competitive individualism can be traced back to those classical sources. The biblical kings of Israel, too, were no strangers to the desire for glory: David strove to kill more Philistines than Saul, an achievement the people celebrated in the song, “Saul has killed his thousands, but David his tens of thousands.” The Temple that Solomon built was in honor of God, but also in honor of Solomon himself, a demonstration of his wealth and power.

In rabbinic Judaism, on the other hand, such considerations are virtually absent. This was for a good reason: In the centuries after the destruction of the Temple and the Bar Kochba revolt, there was simply no worldly arena in which Jews could win the old-fashioned kind of military or political glory. But as Daf Yomi readers saw in a telling passage this week, this does not mean that Jews stopped dreaming of achievement and reputation. Instead, the rabbis, the elite of the Jewish community, imagined a different kind of fame: the reputation of being a subtle and penetrating interpreter of Torah. And when it came to this kind of fame, the Talmud makes clear, the rabbis were every bit as competitive as any Greek wrestler.

[...]

More on the theme of rabbinic scholarship and martial glory here.

Earlier Daf Yomi columns are noted here and links.

Metatron meets the guardians of the gates

ARCHANGEL METATRON WATCH: Guards Gun Down Four Angels Escaping From Heaven (The Onion).

A statement provided to the press identified the four dead angels as Zophiel, Jehoel, Shamsiel, and Metatron.

Somebody who knew a lot about angels in Western traditions put some thought into this one. But normally it's the job of the guardians of the gates to keep people out, not angels in.

HT James McGrath.

Hebrew words in English

HEBREW LANGUAGE WEEK: Hebrew words in English you didn't even know you knew. How Bugs Bunny forever changed the meaning of an ancient Hebrew word and six-winged chimeras morphed into cherubs. (Elon Gilad, Haaretz).

It's Hebrew Language Week in Israel, which is an apt time to consider Hebrew words you didn't even know you know – because they have become embedded in the English language.

[...]

Most regular PaleoJudaica readers will be familiar with most of these, but here's one I didn't know and had always wondered about:

Nimrod: This has meant "moron" since the 1940s, before which it meant "mighty hunter," from the name of Nimrod, a biblical character reputed to be a great hunter. For that one can thank Bugs Bunny, who called the inept Elmer Fudd “poor little nimrod.” Fudd’s two attributes – fool and hunter - got confused in the minds of viewers, forever changing the meaning of the word.

More on the word "cherub" in English here.

Aramaic in Austraila

MODERN ARAMAIC WATCH: The Assyrian Diqlat School in Fairfield celebrates 40 years of teaching (Jennine Abdul Khalik, Fairfield Advance).

THE Assyrian Diqlat School, a community language school based at Fairvale High School, recently celebrated its 40th anniversary.

Principal Carmen Lazar, who is also the manager of the Assyrian Resource Centre, said she was proud to have celebrated 40 years of keeping the Assyrian language alive among community members.

[...]

A royal escape tunnel from the Exile?

POPULAR ARCHAEOLOGY: Archaeologists Uncover Possible Royal Escape Tunnel at Biblical Site Tunnel may have been used by royal inhabitants of ancient city of Geshur near Sea of Galilee.

A team of archaeologists excavating at the ancient site best known as Bethsaida not far from the northeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee have encountered what they suggest may be what is left of an escape tunnel that was used by the city’s royal elite during the times of ancient Israel and Judah.

Though it is still very early in the investigation process, one entrance of the tunnel has been located, and collapsed structural debris and ground penetrating radar images have indicated possible evidence of the suspected tunnel area extending from an ancient palace structure out to an outer city wall. Similar features have been found at other ancient sites, and the biblical account, for example, documents such an escape route used by King Zedekiah and others when Jerusalem was being besieged by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar.

[...]

The article also has more on the excavations of the first-century CE city of Bethsaida and the Iron-Age II city under it. There is a large cave under Jerusalem which is known as "Zedekiah's Cave," now used for speed dating, but its connection with Zedekiah's escape route seems to be legendary. The Bethsaida excavations have also come up in past posts here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

The Punic Wars meet Italian football

PUNIC WATCH: Lotito: 'Lazio's Punic Wars' (Football Italia).

Lazio President Claudio Lotito said his team goes into “three Punic Wars” against Sampdoria, Roma and Napoli.

[...]

Yadin-Israel, Scripture and Tradition

NEW BOOK FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS:

Scripture and Tradition
Rabbi Akiva and the Triumph of Midrash
Azzan Yadin-Israel

336 pages | 6 x 9
Cloth Dec 2014 | ISBN 978-0-8122-4643-8 | $75.00s | £49.00 |
Ebook Dec 2014 | ISBN 978-0-8122-9043-1 | $75.00s | £49.00 |
A volume in the Divinations: Rereading Late Ancient Religion series

"Conceptually sophisticated and wonderfully erudite, Scripture and Tradition touches on the most fundamental questions of the Midrashic project."—Moshe Halbertal, New York University

The earliest rabbinic commentary to the Book of Leviticus, the Sifra, is generally considered an exemplum of Rabbi Akiva's intensely scriptural school of interpretation. But, Azzan Yadin-Israel contends, the Sifra commentary exhibits two distinct layers of interpretation that bring dramatically different assumptions to bear on the biblical text: earlier interpretations accord with the hermeneutic principles associated with Rabbi Ishmael, the other major school of early rabbinic midrash, while later additions subtly alter hermeneutic terminology and formulas, resulting in an engagement with Scripture that is not interpretive at all. Rather, the midrashic terminology in the Sifra's anonymous passages is part of what Yadin-Israel calls "a hermeneutic of camouflage," aimed at presenting oral traditions as though they were Scripture-based injunctions.

Scripture and Tradition offers a radical rereading of the Sifra and its authorship, with far-reaching ramifications for our understanding of rabbinic literature as a whole. Using this new understanding of the Sifra as his starting point, Yadin-Israel demonstrates a two fold break in the portrayal of Rabbi Akiva: hermeneutically, the sober midrashist who appeared in earlier rabbinic sources is transformed into an inspired, oracular interpreter of Scripture in the Babylonian Talmud; while the biographically unremarkable sage is recast as a youthful ignoramus who came to Torah study late in life. The dual transformations of Rabbi Akiva—like the Sifra's hermeneutic of camouflage—are motivated by an ideological shift toward a greater emphasis on scriptural authority and away from received traditions, an insight that sheds new light on the vexing question of midrash and oral tradition in rabbinic sources. Through this close examination of a notoriously difficult text, Scripture and Tradition recovers a vital piece of the history of Jewish thought.

Suciu's Coptic Resources

ALIN SUCIU: Coptic Resources. (Via AWOL). A useful-looking page, which is different from his Coptic Bible Resources, already noted here.

Herman on Hanukkah and Zoroastrianism

ARASH ZEINI: Religious transformation between East and West. An article by Geoffrey Herman which proposes to connect the development of Hanukkah with Zoroastrian ritual in Babylonia.

New books from Magnes Press

DANIEL IN NEO-ARAMAIC:

Language and Tradition XXXIII
THE BOOK OF DANIEL IN A NEO-ARAMAIC TRANSLATION
By Yona Sabar
Edited by: Aharon Maman
Magnes Press

In Hebrew. Except for the Aramaic part.

And this book, also from Magnes, looks interesting, although the page is not forthcoming with many details

Korot Volume 22 - The Israel journal of the history of medicine and science
THE SERPENT IN MEDICINE, MEDICAL CULTURE AND THE JEWISH TRADITION
Edited by: Samuel S. Kottek

The articles are in Hebrew and English.

Korpel and de Moor, Adam, Eve, and the Devil

BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION: Adam, Eve, and the Devil!

See Also: Adam, Eve, and the Devil: A New Beginning (Sheffield Phoenix Press Ltd, 2014).

By Marjo C.A. Korpel
Protestant Theological University,
Amsterdam / Groningen

Johannes C. de Moor
Protestant Theological University,
Amsterdam / Groningen
December 2014.

ConclusionCanaanite mythological traditions, especially those from the city of Ugarit, throw new light on passages about Adam and Eve in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and parabiblical literature. Several elements that cannot be traced back to the canonical Hebrew Bible appear to be present in Canaanite texts that are at least twelve hundred years older. This allows for the hypothesis that there has existed an unbroken chain of popular religious tradition that was deliberately repressed in rabbinic Judaism, but occasionaly cropped up in extra-canonical works. Further exploration of these hitherto elusive links might be rewarding.

Past posts on the Devil/Satan (etc.) are here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

Moss on the Via Dolorosa

CANDIDA MOSS: Oops! Jesus’ Last Steps Are in the Wrong Place. The discovery of the site where he was sentenced to die confirms that pilgrims are off course in Jerusalem (The Daily Beast).

The unveiling of this site marks a fine confluence of archeology and biblical text; it is a wonderful opportunity for people to visit an important Christian site. The only problem is that for hundreds of years tourists have already been visiting the site of the trial of Jesus, in a completely different part of Jerusalem. The Via Dolorosa or “Way of Sorrows,” the road that Jesus is believed to have travelled as he carried his cross from his trial to his crucifixion, is currently at the top of must-see lists of religious attractions for visitors to the city. Each year more than a million Christian pilgrims visit Jerusalem hoping to retrace the steps of the Savior.

Bibliobloggers are cited. Background here.

Margaret Barker and the Latter Day Saints

JOHN TURNER AT THE ANXIOUS BENCH: Why Mormons Love Margaret Barker. Interesting analysis.

Martin Guerre and the Talmud

THIS WEEK'S DAF YOMI COLUMN BY ADAM KIRSCH IN TABLET: The Return of Martin Guerre: Abandoned, Adulterous, Raped, and Widowed Wives. Talmudic sages say that sinful acts—especially those committed by women—are not the rabbis’ fault.

The main subjects of Tractate Yevamot are marriage and death. Initially, the rabbis were concerned with a man’s responsibilities toward his dead brother’s widow, who is his sister-in-law or yevama. Much of the tractate so far has dealt with whether and how such a man should marry his yevama, or else release her from her obligation by performing the ceremony of chalitza. This week, however, as Daf Yomi readers began chapter 10 of Yevamot, the subjects of death and marriage were brought together in a different way. Now the rabbis shift their attention from the brother-in-law to the widow herself. What happens, they ask, if a widow remarries, only to discover later that her first husband is in fact still alive?

[...]

Earlier Daf Yomi columns are noted here and links.

Judaism's Holiest Site

TEMPLE MOUNT WATCH: National Geographic Runs Correction on Judaism's Holiest Site (CAMERA). Guess what the correct answer is.

De Gruyter Prize

SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE: De Gruyter Prize for Biblical Studies and Reception History. I'm not sure how I missed noting this one earlier, but it is an important prize for recent PhDs. Follow the link for details. The actual submission is not due until 1 March, but note that to be eligible you must send an indication of intention to submit by 10 January.

"Greek" amulet bleg

MYSTERY: Ancient Amulet Discovered with Curious Palindrome Inscription (Owen Jarus, LiveScience).

An ancient, two-sided amulet uncovered in Cyprus contains a 59-letter inscription that reads the same backward as it does forward.

Archaeologists discovered the amulet, which is roughly 1,500 years old, at the ancient city of Nea Paphos in southwest Cyprus.

One side of the amulet has several images ...

On the other side of the amulet is an inscription, written in Greek, that reads the same backward as it does forward, making it a palindrome. ...

Ancients amulets are not uncommon and the reported content of the inscription, including it being a palindrome, is the sort of thing you find in the Greek Magical Papyri. The mystery, which the media seems to have missed entirely, is that the inscription is not in the Greek language. Rather, it is in some other language but written in Greek letters. Such things are known. For example, this post discusses an ancient amulet written in the Hebrew language, but in Greek letters. But this one isn't written in Hebrew or any other language I recognize. Can someone out there tell us what it is? Here is the Greek text:

ΙΑΕW

ΒΑΦΡΕΝΕΜ

ΟΥΝΟΘΙΛΑΡΙ

ΚΝΙΦΙΑΕΥΕ

ΑΙΦΙΝΚΙΡΑΛ

ΙΘΟΝΥΟΜΕ

ΝΕΡΦΑΒW

ΕΑΙ

The article says:

This translates to "Iahweh(a god)is the bearer of the secret name, the lion of Re secure in his shrine."

UPDATE: Thanks to Stephen Goranson, who has e-mailed to draw my attention to the following article:

MAGICAL AMULET FROM PAPHOS WITH THE ιαεω- PALINDROME.
By: Śliwa, Joachim. Studies in Ancient Art & Civilization , 2013, Vol. 17, p293-301, 9p; DOI: 10.12797/SAAC.17.2013.17.24

The author indicates that the palindrome is in Egyptian and is also found elsewhere. Because of the content, I suspected an Egyptian connection, but I couldn't get it to work as Coptic. But it seems it is some form of Egyptian.

Orthodox Christmas

HAPPY ORTHODOX CHRISTMAS to all those celebrating! It is being observed today in Coptic, Syriac, Ethiopic, Church Slavonic, etc., liturgies.

Pearce and Wunsch (eds.), Documents of Judean Exiles and West Semites in Babylonia in the Collection of David Sofer

CORNELL CHRONICLE: New archive from Jewish Babylonian exile released.

In a major contribution to Biblical and Mesopotamian studies, the first extra-biblical archive from the exiled Judean community in Babylonia in the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. has been published as part of a series edited by Cornell professor David I. Owen.

“Documents of Judean Exiles and West Semites in Babylonia in the Collection of David Sofer” (CDL Press, 2014) by Laurie E. Pearce of the University of California, Berkeley, and Cornelia Wunsch of the University of London provides complete editions, translations, copies and photographs of 103 cuneiform texts from the David Sofer Collection and an extensive commentary on hundreds of new Judean personal names with Yahwistic elements.

“These names add substantially to our understanding of Judean religious beliefs during this formative period in the development of exilic Judaism,” says David I. Owen, editor-in-chief of the series “Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology.” Owen is director of the Jonathan and Jeannette Rosen Ancient Near Eastern Studies Seminar and the Bernard and Jane Schapiro Professor of Ancient Near Eastern and Judaic Studies Emeritus in Cornell’s College of Arts and Sciences.

[...]

This is an exciting development. It is very unusual to have substantial new literary sources for Babylonian (or any other kind of) Judaism of the Second Temple period.

UPDATE: Originally the title of this post gave the series editor as the volume editor. This has now been corrected. Apologies for the error.

Transgendered halakhic challenge

TEMPLE MOUNT WATCH: Transgender woman denied entry to Western Wall. After being denied entry to the women's section of the Western Wall, Kay Long approached the men's section only to be yelled at and told to enter the section that had already rejected her (Dr. Ruchama Weiss, YNetNews.com). Life in the twenty-first century is complicated. I wonder what the Talmudic sages would have made of this story.

Interview with Peter Schäfer

PETER SCHÄFER is interviewed by Moshe Gilad in Haaretz: Berlin Jewish Museum's new director: Only education can stop new phenomena of anti-Semitism. The new director of the Jewish Museum Berlin, Peter Schäfer, gets a chance to shake up what's already a major tourist attraction.

His appointment two months ago garnered lots of interest, both due to the institution’s status as a leading site in the German capital, and because of Schäfer’s presence itself. Throughout its 18-year history, the museum was run by its founder, Michael Blumenthal, a German-American economics professor and a U.S. secretary of the Treasury in the Carter administration.

Schäfer, who isn’t Jewish and was born in 1943 in the Ruhr region, is an outstanding choice for many reasons. After completing a degree in religious studies at the University of Bonn, he spent three years studying Judaism and Semitic languages in Jerusalem. Later he earned a doctorate in philosophy and Judaism at Freiburg and Frankfurt.

Until 1998 he worked as a Jewish-studies professor in Germany before taking a prestigious job at Princeton and living in the United States for 15 years. His English-language work “Judeophobia,” which has been published in Hebrew, addresses the way Jews and Judaism were seen by the Greeks and Romans. It identifies the sources of anti-Semitism in the ancient world.

Later in his academic career, Schäfer became the only scholar to win both Germany’s prestigious Leibniz Prize and the Mellon Award, considered the highest honor in the United States for humanities scholars.

The article includes lots of personal background on Schäfer and lots on his plans for the museum. Not mentioned among his accomplishments is his foundational and groundbreaking work on early Jewish mysticism (Hekhalot literature), magic, and other Jewish literature. His appointment to the Berlin Museum was noted here. Some other past posts on his work are noted there and are also here, here, here, here, here, and here. Read the whole article quickly, before it goes behind the subscription wall.

Shipwreck from 400 BCE to be rebuilt

REPLICA: Post Holy Land: The Ma‘agan Michael ship will sail again. The wreck of the Ma‘agan Michael ship was discovered in 1985, and excavated over three seasons in 1988 and 1989 by the Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies of the University of Haifa. (Dr. Deborah Cvikel, Jerusalem Post)

The wreck of the Ma‘agan Michael ship was discovered in 1985, and excavated over three seasons in 1988 and 1989 by the Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies of the University of Haifa. A large part of the wooden hull of the ship, 11.15 m long, 3.11 m wide and 1.5 m deep, survived. Because of the significance of the archaeological find, the remains were completely excavated, retrieved from the seabed, conserved, and are now on display in the Hecht Museum at the University of Haifa. The timbers of the ship and the other finds have been studied in detail, contributing significantly to our knowledge of how ancient ships were built, and life on board. The ship was 14.4 m long and had a single square sail. She was loaded with a cargo of building stones, and some of the crew's possessions and the carpenter's tools were found in the wreck. She was probably on her maiden voyage.

The late Dr. Elisha Linder, the founder of the Ma‘agan Michael ship project, had a burning desire to build a sailing replica of the ancient ship. His dream is now becoming a reality thanks to generous donations by supporters headed by Sara and Avi Arenson. The keel-laying ceremony took place in July 2014, and launching is planned for 2016.

I'm surprised that I haven't heard about this shipwreck before this, but I can find nothing in the archives. For another project that built and sailed an ancient ship replica, see my many past posts on the Good Ship Phoenicia here and links.

McGrath on Jesus as hero

BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION:

Rankled by Wrangling over Rank-Raglan Rankings: Jesus and the Mythic Hero Archetype

The scale was not designed to determine historicity. Its folklorist users show little or no interest in the attempt to do what historians do, namely peeling back layers of myth in search of underlying history, if there is any. The Rank-Raglan scale does not seem, contrary to Carrier’s claim, to consistently fit figures who were definitely not historical better than ones who certainly were. And so Carrier’s attempt to use the scale to slant his calculations of probability in the direction of the non-historicity of Jesus are at best unpersuasive, and at worst deliberately misleading.

By James F. McGrath
Clarence L. Goodwin Chair in New Testament Language and Literature
Butler University
December 2014

A very sensible discussion about the use and abuse of the Rank-Raglan scale as applied to Jesus. Many years ago when I used to teach Ancient Mythology, I used this scale on heroes from Gilgamesh to Jason the Argonaut and found it to be a useful heuristic device for comparison and as a discussion starter. But James is quite right that historical figures can sometimes be cast (by themselves or their later followers) in the role of the hero and doing well on the scale has no bearing on an ancient figure's historicity.

I'm not sure what James means by "earliest" vs. "subsequent" sources, but for what it's worth, I would give the Jesus of the four Gospels quite a high score on the scale: full points for 4, 5, 6, 7, 10 (Egypt-Nazareth to Jerusalem), 11 (over Satan in temptation narrative), 15, 16, 18 (mysterious: darkness over land, torn Temple curtain, resurrected saints, etc.), 19, 20, 21, 22; a half point each for 1 (mother virgin of royal line, but not royal herself), 2 (likewise Joseph from royal line but not a king), 8 (reared in Egypt, then Galilee, but by his mother and arguably his "foster" father), 9 (very little about his childhood), 14 (uneventful interlude, but not "reign"), and 17 (driven from Jerusalem, but not throne). That comes out to about 16/22. The elements that do not apply at all are 3 (Joseph is not a near relative of Mary) and 12-13 (Jesus doesn't get married or become king). But I can see how some of these could be up for debate.

UPDATE: Professor McGrath comments here.

Klawans on ancient Jewish theology and law

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Ancient Jewish Theology and Law. Jonathan Klawans on the divergence of the Pharisees, Sadducees and Essenes (Robin Ngo).

According to scholar Jonathan Klawans, ancient Jews—including the Pharisees, Sadducees and Essenes—cared as much about matters of Jewish theology as about laws and practices.

This column summarizes an article in BAR whose full text is behind the subscription wall.

Syriac church to be built in Turkey

SYRIAC WATCH: Syriac Christians to build Turkey’s first new church (Daily Sabah).

The government will permit one of Turkey's Christian communities to build a church, the first such house of worship to be built completely from scratch in the Republican Era. According to Vatan newspaper's Emre Eser, the church will be built in the Yeşilköy district of Istanbul with funds provided by the Mardin Syriac community.

[...]

One of the oldest Christian denominations, Syriac Christians use a language related to the ancient Aramaic of Jesus Christ in their liturgy.

[...]

The Syriac community in Turkey seems to be making some progress. Background here and here and many links.

The site of Jesus' baptism? Maybe.

FOR EPIPHANY: Jordan welcomes throngs of tourists at site where believers say Jesus was baptized (Dale Hanson Bourke, Religion News Service).

AMMAN, Jordan — For most Americans, Epiphany (Jan. 6) passes with little celebration.

Traditionally, the 12th day of Christmas is marked by Eastern Orthodox, Catholics and some mainline Protestants as the day the three kings visited the baby Jesus. For Eastern Rite Christians, Epiphany (also called Theophany) emphasizes the revelation of Jesus as the son of God through his baptism and the beginning of his public ministry. Thousands of believers make pilgrimage on that day to the Jordan River where John baptized Jesus.

And that’s where the controversy begins.

While Israel has long claimed that Jesus was baptized on the Israeli side of the river, increasingly scholars are lining up to support archaeological research showing the baptism site is actually in Jordan. When Pope Francis visited the Holy Land last spring, he made a point of holding Mass at the Jordanian baptism site, lending additional credibility to the claim.

[...]

Earlier posts on the possible sites for Jesus' baptism are here, here, here, here, and here.

Supreme Court decision on Battir (Betar)

THE MEDIA LINE: Israeli Supreme Court Freezes Barrier Through Battir (Linda Gradstein).

Palestinians and environmentalists claim victory

Israel’s Supreme Court has frozen plans to build the separation barrier that Israel has been building in and around the West Bank, through the village of Battir, a 4000-year Palestinian village next to Jerusalem.

The residents of Battir, along with several Israeli environmental NGO’s, appealed to the court three years ago not to allow the barrier to go through Battir, a Palestinian village of 6500 next to Jerusalem that has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, because of its agricultural terraces that have been used for thousands of years. The petitioners argued that building the barrier in Battir would destroy the terraces, which continue to be used today.

[...]

The court did not close off the future possibility that the Israeli government will ask to build the barrier through Battir. However, the ruling said that if that happens, the state would have to put in a new request, and the environmental groups would then be able to issue new objections, meaning that any new attempt to route the barrier through Battir could drag on for several years.

[...]

Betar was also the site of Bar Kokhba's last stand in 135 CE. Background to this case is here and links.

Maleness and its disqualification in the Talmud

LAST WEEK'S DAF YOMI COLUMN BY ADAM KIRSCH IN TABLET: Does a Penis Make the Man? Hermaphrodites, Eunuchs, and Jews With Genital Deformities. Jewish law loves to separate people into airtight categories. Real-life sex and gender are more complicated. What then?

And in this week’s reading, the Talmud turned to gender boundaries, asking what exactly makes a man a man. Today, we might answer this question in a variety of ways, from the genetic—a male is someone who possesses a Y chromosome—to the cultural and social—a man is someone who is educated to perform that role. For the rabbis, the answer is more straightforward: A man is someone who possesses a penis. But this is not as clear a matter as one might assume. What if you are born with a penis, but it gets cut off or punctured? What if your sexual organs are invisible and indeterminate, as in the case of what the Talmud calls a tumtum? Or what about those rare individuals who are hermaphrodites, having both a penis and a vagina? These rare cases are of interest to the rabbis not because they would have come up regularly, but because they complicate the tendency of Jewish law to separate people and things into airtight categories.

Some readers may find that this Talmudic discussion moves into the realm of Too Much Information.

Earlier Daf Yomi columns are noted here and links.

From Ottoman prison to the trial of Jesus? Well maybe.

EXCAVATION: Archaeologists find possible site of Jesus’s trial in Jerusalem (Ruth Eglash, Washington Post).

JERUSALEM — It started 15 years ago with plans to expand the Tower of David Museum. But the story took a strange turn when archaeologists started peeling away layers under the floor in an old abandoned building adjacent to the museum in Jerusalem’s Old City.

They knew it had been used as a prison when the Ottoman Turks and then the British ruled these parts. But, as they carefully dug down, they eventually uncovered something extraordinary: the suspected remains of the palace where one of the more famous scenes of the New Testament may have taken place — the trial of Jesus.

Now, after years of excavation and a further delay caused by wars and a lack of funds, the archaeologists’ precious find is being shown to the public through tours organized by the museum.

[...]

The real story seems to be that archaeologists have found the remains of a big building (or maybe just the remains of its sewage system?) which arguably was a palace in the Herodian period. It requires additional inferences to get anywhere near the trial of Jesus, but naturally that is the narrative seized on by the media.

As usual, the actual story is important and interesting, both archaeologically and historically, but some hype needs to be peeled back to get to it. But at least they didn't save this one for Easter.

Anxious Sethians

PHILIP JENKINS has a two-part review at The Anxious Bench of a recent book by Dylan Burns:

Seth and the Alien God

The origins of Gnosticism are normally discussed in terms of debates within Christianity. However, one richly informative conflict occurred beyond the familiar realm of church history.

One of the great minds of Late Antiquity was the Egyptian-born philosopher Plotinus, the leading figure of Neoplatonism, and a younger contemporary of Origen. Around the year 263, in Rome, Plotinus engaged in a furious debate with some Gnostic thinkers. Although the two sides shared many assumptions and terminology, Plotinus condemned his enemies for what he saw as their gross misunderstanding of Platonic philosophy. Among other complaints, he warned that their radical elitism would lead them into misconduct and immorality. Effectively, he expelled these Gnostics from the mainstream philosophical world of the time, after a long period in which Platonists and Gnostics had coexisted and debated together.

That story is quite well known, but recent work has shed major light on just who these Gnostics were. I am referring to Dylan M. Burns’s excellent recent book Apocalypse of the Alien God: Platonism and the Exile of Sethian Gnosticism (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014). This ambitious and wide-ranging work identifies Plotinus’s Gnostic foes as Sethians.

[...]

I have more on Plotinus and those apocalypses here.

Sons of Light and Sons of Seth

I discussed Dylan M. Burns’s book Apocalypse of the Alien God, an account of the influential early Gnostic sect called Sethians. Burns’s arguments resonated because of work I have been doing recently on the origins of Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism, and the influence of the sectarian Judaism we know from Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls.

[...]

Gibson on the Western Wall's fallen stones

TEMPLE MOUNT WATCH: Archaeologist: Western Wall stones result of earthquake, not Roman demolition. Prof. Shimon Gibson says the huge stones near the Western Wall may have been caused by major earthquake in 363 B.E. (Nir Hasson, Haaretz).

The Old City in Jerusalem is full of archaeological attractions from all periods of its life. But one of its most emotional – certainly for Jewish visitors – is the pile of huge stones lying next to the southern section of the Western Wall, in the Jerusalem Archaeological Garden and Davidson Center, next to the Western Wall plaza.

Information signs, tour guides, books and archaeologists explain that these stones fell to the street during the destruction of the Holy Temple, with the end of the Great Revolt in 70 C.E., and that they are the most palpable testimony to the destruction.

However, professor of archaeology Shimon Gibson suggests these walls stayed in place nearly 300 years after the destruction, and fell not by the hands of man but in a major earthquake that wracked Jerusalem in 363 C.E. He presented this thesis for the first time at Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, last week, and the theory has aroused disputes among senior archaeologists.

[...]

Syrian antiquities sites in 2014

SCIENCE CODEX summarizes and links to a report by the American Association for the Advancement of Science: Widespread looting and damage to historical sites in Syria.

Four of six major archaeological sites in Syria have been heavily looted and damaged, according to an analysis of high-resolution satellite images that documents the extent of the destruction.

The report analyzes six of the 12 sites that Syria has nominated as World Heritage Sites: Dura Europos, Ebla, Hama's Waterwheels, Mari, Raqqa, and Ugarit.

Images from 2014 show numerous pits throughout three sites where ancient cities once stood. The pits generally do not appear in similar images from 2011, when the conflict in Syria began.

[...]

Background here and here and links.

Steinberg, Shimon

NEW NOVEL: Op-Ed: Book Review: "Shimon", the Story of a Talmudic Giant. A book about a gladiator turned Talmudic Sage, which inadvertently shows the greatness of the Torah's attitude to human failings (Rochel Sylvetsky, Arutz Sheva).

"Shimon" is the story of the life of third century Talmudic scholar Resh Lakish, whose real name was Shimon ben Lakish, gleaned from the few fascinating episodes about him as related in the Talmud.

John Steinberg has used the few available personal glimpses of Resh Lakish's biography to create an historic novel that brings to life the period of cruel Roman rule over Jews struggling to preserve their society intact, skillfully employing much literary license to fill in the story of an unusual man who set his stamp on the Talmud.

[...]

BAS top 10 for 2014

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Top 10 Biblical Archaeology Discoveries in 2014 (Robin Ngo).

The Tenth of Tevet and the LXX in the Talmud

THE LEGEND OF THE SEPTUAGINT reportedly receives mixed reviews in Talmudic tradition: The Tenth of Tevet. A day commemorating a variety of Jewish tragedies. (Rabbi Berel Wein, The Jewish Press)

The Tenth of Tevet marks the onset of the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, the King of Babylonia, and the beginning of the battle that ultimately destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple of Solomon, and sent the Jews into the 70-year Babylonian Exile. ...

However, there are other commemorative days that fall immediately before the Tenth of Tevet and their memory has been silently incorporated in the fast day of the Tenth of Tevet as well. On the eighth of Tevet, King Ptolemy of Egypt forced 70 Jewish scholars to gather and translate the Hebrew Bible into Greek. Even though the Talmud relates to us that this project was blessed with a miracle — the 70 scholars were all placed in separate cubicles and yet they all came up with the same translation — the general view of the rabbis of the time towards this project was decidedly negative. The Talmud records that when this translation became public “darkness descended on the world.”

This translation — the Septuagint — eventually became the basis for the Old Testament section of the Christian bible a few centuries later. The Greek translation of the Bible also further aided the advance of the agenda of the Hellenist Jews to bring Greek culture into Jewish life, and to attempt to reform Judaism in the image of Greek values and lifestyle. The “koshering” of the Greek language by its use in translating the Hebrew Bible had wide ramifications in Jewish society and undermined some of the efforts of the rabbis in combating the allure of Greece in Israel of then.

Unfortunately, the article gives no specific Talmudic references. The Tenth of Tevet was on New Year's Day 2015.

800 coins

ANOTHER LOOTING ARREST: Antiquities thief busted with over 800 ancient coins. Beit Shemesh man caught while prowling archaeological site with metal detector; found to have immense trove of currency, necklaces, seals, arrowheads and more at his home (Ilan Ben Zion, Times of Israel).

Hundreds of ancient coins and ancient artifacts were found at the home of a suspected antiquities thief in Beit Shemesh last week after the man was caught in the act at a nearby archaeological site, the Israel Antiquities Authority announced Wednesday.

[...]

There has been a number of looting arrests in Israel recently.

2015

HAPPY NEW YEAR to all those celebrating! Probably everybody.

Many of you have already seen this, but here's something just for fun.



Very clever, even though most biblical philologists have no problem with "liberals" or Finkelstein.

This one reminds me of this old song, The Scientific Man, which I learned as a nursery rhyme:

htt

The words of the chorus as I learned them were:

Oh he knew all about etymology,
Hebrew, Shebrew, Jubjubology;
Syntax, tintacks, hobnails, bootjacks.
He was full as a Pickford's Van.
Those who cracked and backed up Edison,
Swore his jaw was more than medicine,
Simply because, people said he was
A well-learned scientific man.

Best wishes for 2015 and, as always, keep reading PaleoJudaica.

Meerson and Schäfer et al., Toledot Yeshu

NEW BOOK FROM MOHR-SIEBECK:

Toledot Yeshu: The Life Story of Jesus
Two Volumes and Database. Vol. I: Introduction and Translation. Vol. II: Critical Edition
Ed. and Transl. by Michael Meerson and Peter Schäfer with the collaboration of Yaacov Deutsch, David Grossberg, Avigail Manekin, and Adina Yoffie

The Book of the Life of Jesus (in Hebrew Sefer Toledot Yeshu ) presents a "biography" of Jesus from an anti-Christian perspective. It ascribes to Jesus an illegitimate birth, a theft of the Ineffable Name, heretical activities, and finally a disgraceful death. Perhaps for centuries, Toledot Yeshu circulated orally until it coalesced into various literary forms. Although the dates of these written compositions remain obscure, some early hints of a Jewish counter-history of Jesus can be found in the works of Christian authors of Late Antiquity, such as Justin, Celsus, and Tertullian. Around 600 CE, some fragments of Jesus' "biography" made their way into the Babylonian Talmud; and in 827, archbishop Agobard of Lyon attests to a sacrilegious book about Jesus that circulated among Jews. In the Middle Ages, the book became the object and tool of an acrimonious controversy. Jews, Christians, and theists, such as Ibn Shaprut, Luther, and Voltaire, quoted and commented on Toledot Yeshu , trying to disprove the beliefs of their opponents and revealing their own prejudices. The narrative was translated into Latin and many vernacular languages and soon branched into numerous versions with only a few basic facts in common. The present publication provides researchers with reliable conclusions regarding the narrative's origin and evolution. In addition, the purchase of the volume offers full online access to a comprehensive database of Toledot Yeshu manuscripts, designed to encourage and facilitate further research about this important book in the history of Jewish-Christian polemics. All Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts are edited in the present book and database: an unusual combination of a traditional critical edition with an electronic research tool. The database features a full-text search of all manuscripts as well as printing and downloading capabilities. The price includes access to the database (for one simultaneous user). Access for institutions is provided through the IP address, for private individuals through username and password. An activation code is enclosed in the book. Access to a free seven day trial period can be obtained here: toledot [AT] mohr.de .

Also, related, at the Jesus Blog: Mika Ahuvia on Toledot Yeshu.

Pollack et al. (eds.), World Philology

NEW BOOK FROM HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS:

World Philology
Edited by Sheldon Pollock
Benjamin A. Elman
Ku-ming Kevin Chang

BOOK DETAILS
HARDCOVER
$45.00 • £33.95 • €40.50
ISBN 9780674052864
Publication: January 2015
464 pages
6-1/8 x 9-1/4 inches
4 tables

Philology—the discipline of making sense of texts—is enjoying a renaissance within academia after decades of neglect. World Philology charts the evolution of philology across the many cultures and historical time periods in which it has been practiced, and demonstrates how this branch of knowledge, like philosophy and mathematics, is an essential component of human understanding.

Every civilization has developed ways of interpreting the texts that it produces, and differences of philological practice are as instructive as the similarities. We owe our idea of a textual edition for example, to the third-century BCE scholars of the Alexandrian Library. Rabbinical philology created an innovation in hermeneutics by shifting focus from how the Bible commands to what it commands. Philologists in Song China and Tokugawa Japan produced startling insights into the nature of linguistic signs. In the early modern period, new kinds of philology arose in Europe but also among Indian, Chinese, and Japanese commentators, Persian editors, and Ottoman educationalists who began to interpret texts in ways that had little historical precedent. They made judgments about the integrity and consistency of texts, decided how to create critical editions, and determined what it actually means to read.

Covering a wide range of cultures—Greek, Roman, Hebrew, Arabic, Sanskrit, Chinese, Indo-Persian, Japanese, Ottoman, and modern European—World Philology lays the groundwork for a new scholarly discipline.

BMW Hannibal Tour

PUNIC WATCH: BMW i3, i8 take on 2014 Hannibal Tour (Wheels24).

FOLLOWING HANNIBAL'S TRAIL: Three winners of a contest in Europe, organised by Bridgestone and German car magazine AutoBild, were invited to take part in a journey from Munich to Rome following Hannibal's journey with elephants over the Alps in 218BC, driving the new electric BMW i3hatchback and hybrid BMW i8 sports car. ....

Of course they were.

The papyrus market in the news

THE TELEGRAPH: The online battle for papyrus texts. Papyrus scrolls are also now increasingly desirable items in the distinctly 21st Century world of the online auction trade, writes Philip Sherwell.

They are tattered yellowing fragments of bygone civilisations, ancient manuscripts that open a remarkable window on previous millennia, including the earliest days of Christianity.

But papyrus scrolls are also now increasingly hot items in the distinctly 21st Century world of the online auction trade.

[...]

When a fragmentary parchment sheet from the 3rd century AD featuring portions of Paul’s epistle to the Romans was bought at Sotheby’s for £301,000 auctioneers and antiquity experts alike were stunned.

But although there is no suggestion of any impropriety in these particular sales, scholars are alarmed by the burgeoning online trade as some unscrupulous sellers also cash in.

They portray a free-ranging trade, particularly on the online auction giant eBay, where precious documents are carved up for sale, potentially stolen goods are trafficked and forgers can flourish.

Brice Jones, a papyrologist and lecturer in New Testament and Early Christianity at Concordia University in Montreal, has become an online scrolls sleuth, scouring auction websites for manuscripts that are often incorrectly labeled or their provenance unclear.

[...]

I have linked to Brice C. Jones with reference to such matters here, here, here, and here. For a somewhat different view on the Green Collection, see the comments of Roger Pearse noted here. The article also mentions the sad (in different ways) stories of The Gospel of Jesus's Wife and The Gospel of Judas.

Hurtado Festschrift

CONGRATULATIONS TO LARRY HURTADO: Mark, Manuscripts, and Monotheism (Festschrift for Larry Hurtado) (Tommy Wasserman, ETC).

Coptic postdocs

ALIN SUCIU: Two Positions Available in the Project “Digital Edition and Translation of the Coptic-Sahidic Old Testament” (Göttingen Academy of Sciences). Closing date: January 20, 2015. More on the project here.

DSS coming to L.A.

PRESS RELEASE: SDSU Jewish Studies program tells 2015 plans.

• Dead Sea Scrolls: The Exhibition, curated by SDSU’s Jewish Studies Program Director, Dr. Risa Levitt Kohn, opening March 10, 2015 at The California Science Center in Los Angeles. This traveling exhibition, different in content and design than the San Diego show of 2007, opened in New York City in 2011 and has been on display in Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati and Salt Lake City. The exhibition features over 600 objects, including ten Dead Sea Scrolls and is the largest collection of Israeli archaeological artifacts ever exhibited outside of Israel.

I have been following the peregrinations of this exhibition for years. Background here and many links. I reviewed the 2007 exhibition of the Dead Sea Scrolls in San Diego here.