Showing posts sorted by date for query crucifixion. Sort by relevance Show all posts
Showing posts sorted by date for query crucifixion. Sort by relevance Show all posts

Friday, November 06, 2026

The Testimonium Flavianum in the news

AND ONCE AGAIN: Study Asks What Josephus Really Wrote About Jesus’ Resurrection (Bill Giannopoulos, Greek City Times).
A new study of the Testimonium Flavianum argues that the Jewish historian Josephus may have recorded early reports of Jesus appearing alive after the crucifixion. The researcher stresses that his reading is plausible, not proven.

Independent Spanish researcher Jesús Fernández-Pedrera Correa set out his case in a preprint, which has not yet passed peer review. The Daily Mail reported on it this week.

[...]

This GCT article has a good summary of the Mail article. There isn't a lot of news in this story, but the Mail piece has drawn some attention to it, so I will comment briefly.

The unpublished essay looks like a good description of the textual evidence, which has already been discussed endlessly in the critical literature. It has sensible observations, and may have some original formulation of them. It ignores a lot of recent secondary literature. In its conclusions I see no substantive new proposals about what was and wasn't in Josephus' autograph text. Whether its contribution merits peer-review publication would have to be decided by reviewers. At minimum I would say it needs some revision to take into account more recent publications and to clarify what the original contribution is.

Meanwhile, if you want a good overview of the complicated textual evidence for the Testimonium Flavianum, the essay is open access and is worth a look.

For many PaleoJudaica posts on Josephus's Testimonium Flavinum, see here and links, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Sunday, July 12, 2026

Anderson, Archaeology, Jesus, and the Gospel of John (Eerdmans)

NEW BOOK FROM EERDMANS:
Archaeology, Jesus, and the Gospel of John
What Recent Discoveries Show Us

by Paul N. Anderson

Imprint: Eerdmans

650 Pages, 6.00 × 9.00 in

Hardcover
9780802879899
Publication Date: May 26, 2026
$99.99
£73.99
Out of Stock

eBook
9781467463584
Publication Date: May 26, 2026
$99.99
£73.99

Description

Discover the Fourth Gospel’s significance for historical Jesus studies.

For years, the Gospel of John has been excluded from historical Jesus studies because of its distinctive theological and literary features. Yet, while John’s Gospel is often characterized as “the spiritual gospel,” it actually contains more archaeologically attested content and topographical details than all the other gospels combined. In this groundbreaking volume, renowned archaeologists discuss the Fourth Gospel’s material features and show how those features enrich our understanding of the historical Jesus.

More than two dozen contributors present evidence of the Fourth Gospel’s historical reliability. Some of the contributors focus on Johannine descriptions of Jesus’s ministry, using archaeological expertise to illuminate narrative details ranging from the stone jars in Cana to the fishing industry in Galilee. Other contributors focus on Johannine discussions of places and customs, bringing archaeological research to bear on narrative references to worship sites on Mt. Gerazim, the second pool of Siloam, crucifixion practices of imperial Rome, and more. Throughout the volume, research findings are documented with compelling images. Following discussions of specific archaeological data, the book concludes with a broad overview of the implications for historical Jesus studies. By challenging the longstanding critical bias against the Fourth Gospel’s historical content, Archaeology, Jesus, and the Gospel of John lays the groundwork for a new quest for the historical Jesus—an inclusive quest that fully engages the Johannine account.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, April 03, 2026

On Easter and the Passover Haggadah

PROF. ADELE REINHARTZ: Easter with the Women at Jesus’ Empty Tomb: The Four Gospels (TheTorah.com).
Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all include accounts of women discovering Jesus’ tomb empty three days after his crucifixion that share a common structure, but vary considerably in their details. Christians reading the story at Easter experience vicariously the women’s fear and awe, just as Jews re-experience the Exodus through the Haggadah.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Jewish Responses to Jesus’ Crucifixion and Resurrection

DR. BARRY DOV WALFISH AND DR. RABBI ZEV FARBER: Behind the Mockery: Jewish Responses to Jesus’ Crucifixion and Resurrection (TheTorah.com).
The products of a period in which Judaism was considered to have been superseded by Christianity and Jews were treated as inferiors, the Talmud and Toledot Yeshu literature developed a biting, farcical retelling of Jesus’ story, which, at the same time, reveals the Jewish struggle to explain his massive impact on world religion. Yet, medieval rabbis also responded to Jesus’ death in a serious way, noting that ultimately, things turned out for the best: Jesus always planned to be crucified, and Jesus asked God to forgive everyone involved.
For more on Toledot Yeshu start here and follow the links. Arguably on linguistic grounds, the earliest (Aramaic) version was composed as early as the third or fourth century. For some discussion see, e.g., here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Saturday, November 08, 2025

The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Monsters

NEW BOOK FROM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS:
The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Monsters

Edited by Brandon R. Grafius and John W. Morehead

Oxford Handbooks

£127.50

Hardback
Published: 18 August 2025
480 Pages
248x171mm
ISBN: 9780197565056

Description

The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Monsters brings together the work of world-renowned scholars in Bible, theology, religion, and cultural studies to explore the monsters that rampage through the biblical text. Essays provide in-depth analysis of the Ancient Near Eastern background of these creatures, explore how they have continued to live on after the biblical text, and discuss how they remain impactful through art and literature today. The chapters not only study where monsters came from, but continually focus on what they mean, and how these meanings are generated.

These chapters work to bridge the perspectives of traditional scholarship and more postmodern ideas of monsters as cultural and rhetorical constructions. There are chapters on the Ghosts of Mesopotamia, Leviathan, and the Giants, but also on the Monstrous Jew in the Gospels and the Monstrosity of the Crucifixion. They serve both as foundational pieces of research for scholars looking to familiarize themselves with monsters and discourses of monstrosity, but also as creative and provocative examinations of how these monsters generate meaning. While working to summarize the research that has been done on biblical monsters up to the present day, this Handbook points the way forward towards new and exciting studies in unnatural creatures and the rhetoric of horror.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, April 21, 2025

Jesus' crucifixion and a lunar eclipse?

BELATEDLY EASTER/GOOD FRIDAY-RELATED: Lunar eclipse over Jerusalem may mark date of Jesus's crucifixion, NASA reports. some believe that the new data from NASA, paired with Biblical text, could pinpoint the day Jesus was crucified (Jerusalem Post Staff).

This is an old idea. I commented on it in one of my earliest blog posts. I was going to ignore this one, but when I saw how dreadful this article is, I thought I'd better comment on it.

The suggestion, which has been around for a very long time, is that the reported period of afternoon "darkness over the whole land" (or "earth") on the day of the crucifixion of Jesus (Mark 15:33 par. Matthew 27:45 and Luke 23:44-45) was due to a lunar eclipse of the sun. The third-century church father Julius Africanus argued that the lunar celestial configuration at Passover made this impossible. Briefly, if the moon is full, the sun is shining full on it from the perspective of the earth, which means the moon is on the opposite side of the earth from the sun. It is not in a position to occlude the sun.

Be that as it may, the Jerusalem post article consists largely of misconceptions.

NASA scientists believe that a lunar eclipse occurred during the crucifixion of Jesus, based on data from its astronomical models.

An article from the space agency noted that the Christian Bible wrote that the moon turned to blood in the skies over Jerusalem after Jesus's crucifixion.

“From noon until three in the afternoon darkness came over all the land,” reads one iteration of Matthew 27:45.

The NASA article Eclipses: History does say that "Christian texts" (not "the Christian Bible") say that the moon turned to blood:
Eclipses also appear in religious texts. Christian texts mention that the Moon turned to blood after Jesus’s crucifixion – potentially referring to a lunar eclipse, during which the Moon takes on a reddish hue. Using this textual source, scholars narrowed down a possible date of crucifixion to Friday, April 3, 33 C.E. because a lunar eclipse occurred that day.
The passage in Matthew, quoted in the JP article, says nothing about the moon, only that there was darkness over the whole land.

Matthew's text is "one iteration" of the story, which also appears in Mark and Luke, as noted above. None of them mention the moon. The Gospel of John doesn't mention the darkness at all.

But there's more evidence, right? The JP continues:

Additionally, early Christian texts prophesied that on the day of Jesus's crucifixion, the sky would look eerie.

In a gathering 50 days before Jesus's death, the apostle Peter predicts in Acts 2:20: “The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the coming of the great and glorious day of the Lord.”

Peter's reported speech took place on Pentecost (Shavuot), 50 days after the crucifixion. He is speaking about the end times.

But there's still more:

Supposed eyewitness events of the situation also note that the skies looked strange after Jesus died on the cross.

“At his crucifixion the sun was darkened; the stars appeared and in all the world people lighted lamps from the sixth hour till evening; the moon appeared like blood,” notes Pontius Pilate's report of Jesus's crucifixion.

This is not exactly wrong, but it's reproachably misleading. This "supposed eyewitness" account is from the Anaphora Pilati, a late work from the Pilate apocrypha cycle. J. K. Elliot thinks it is an expansion of the Letter of Pilate to Claudius, which he dates to the end of the second century. You can read it here. This account is a "Christian text," but it has zero eyewitness (or even living memory) value.

I have no view on the proposed date of the crucifixion. Most specialists seem to think that it was in 30, not 33, but we just don't know.

Enough. I didn't mean to spend so much time on this.

The darkness in Matthew's Gospel is a miraculous event, like the "walking dead" episode and, probably, the earthquake, both in the same passage. John doesn't refer to it and none of the other Gospels mention the other two. No need to look for naturalistic explanations, although one is possible for the last one.

Jerusalem Post, what happened? There is potentially a story here, but the treatment in this article is just careless.

I want to blame it on AI generated content, but the article doesn't give any indication of that. If it was actually produced by "Jerusalem Post Staff," the JP, which is usually good at articles about archaeology and history, should stop using them for those purposes and stick to named authors who know what they are talking about.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, March 28, 2025

The Mail on Tacitus on Jesus and Pilate

HISTORY: Firsthand evidence of Jesus' crucifixion is found in ancient Roman manuscript. (Stacy Liberatore, Daily Mail).
Ancient manuscripts detailing the events during the Roman Empire are believed to contain 'first hand' evidence about the life and death of Jesus Christ.

The Annals, written by the Roman historian Tacitus only 91 years after Jesus's death, begins with the death of Emperor Augustus in 14AD and finishes with Nero's suicide 54 years later.

In Book 15, the historian discusses the Great Fire of Rome in 54AD, shortly before Nero's death, which the emperor blamed on a class 'called Christians.'

The second sentence reads: 'Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus.'

'Christus,' the Latin version of 'Christ,' means 'the Anointed One' or 'the Messiah,' and comes from the Hebrew word Mashiach (Messiah).

[...]

Aside from some pedantic details, this article gives a pretty good account of Tacitus's comments on "Christus" and the early Christians.

Tacitus's history is indeed ancient, from the early second century CE. But, alas, the earliest surviving manuscripts of his work date to the early Middle Ages. Roger Pearse has comprehesive details here.

I'm not sure why the Mail has noticed Tacitus's comments. The article says:

While the manuscripts have long been known, the details in them recently surfaced online and have been welcomed by those of Christian faith.
No link, so I don't know where they surfaced. But it's nice to see the Mail drawing the attention of a wider audience to the passage. For more on the works of Cornelius Tacitus, see here.

The article also briefly covers the "Testimonium Flavianum" (the comments about Jesus in the surviving manuscripts of the Antiquities of Flavius Josephus. More on that here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, March 21, 2025

Pilate’s Legal Path to Crucifying Jesus

THE BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION:
Pilate’s Legal Path to Crucifying Jesus

“He died on the cross for having done the wrong thing (caused a commotion) in the wrong place (the Temple) at the wrong time (just before Passover). Here lies the real tragedy of Jesus the Jew.”[1]

See also Killing the Messiah: the Trial and Crucifixion of Jesus (New York: Oxford University Press, 2025).

By Nathanael Andrade
Chair, Department of History
Binghamton University
March 2025

The book has just come out.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Thursday, August 08, 2024

Evidence for Matthew's earthquake? Big maybe.

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Is Jesus’ Crucifixion Reflected in Soil Deposition? A geological study may indicate Earthquake described by Matthew.
According to the Gospel of Matthew, an earthquake shook Jerusalem on the day of Jesus’ crucifixion. A study of cores of soil deposition and seismic activity near the Dead Sea in the Volume 54, Issue 10 of International Geology Review* may provide scientific data relating to the event described in Matthew 27.

[...]

The article presents evidence that there was a local earthquake within a few years of the crucifixion of Jesus. The Gospel of Matthew (27:51) says there was an earthquake at the time Jesus was crucified. Maybe there was. Perhaps more likely, the author of Matthew knew there was an earthquake around that time and added it to the story. Or the oral traditions about the crucifixion acquired the earthquake over time. Who knows? As stories are told, they tend to attract and include other signficant characters and events.

The Discovery News article mentioned in the next paragraph reportedly tried to work out the exact date of the crucifixion based on the new evidence about the earthquake. The lead author of the International Geology Review disavowed this claim. See the relevant note to this essay.

For other biblical earthquakes, see here.

The Synoptic Gospels (Mark 15:33 par.) report another upheaval of nature during the crucifixion; the three hours of darkness. For more on that, and a supposed solar eclipse around the same time, see here (scroll down).

For the walking dead episode in Matthew 27:52-53, which, as far I know, no one has tried to connect to some other historical event, see here.

I was about to press publish when I saw that this BHD essay is actually 12 years old. Never mind, I missed it the first time. The comments are still relevant.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, June 14, 2024

Neumann, The Gospel of the Son of God (T&T Clark)

NEW(ISH) BOOK FROM BLOOMSBURY/T&T CLARK:
The Gospel of the Son of God

Psalm 2 and Mark’s Narrative Christology

James M. Neumann (Author)

Hardback
$115.00 $103.50

Ebook (PDF)
$103.50 $82.80

Ebook (Epub & Mobi)
$103.50 $82.80

Product details

Published Nov 16 2023
Format Hardback
Edition 1st
Extent 256
ISBN 9780567711489
Imprint T&T Clark
Dimensions 9 x 6 inches
Series The Library of New Testament Studies
Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing

Description

James M. Neumann proposes that there is far more at work in Mark's portrayal of Jesus as Son of God, and what it means for Mark to depict him as such, than past scholarship has recognized. He argues that Mark presents Jesus's life from beginning to end as the actualization of Psalm 2: a coronation hymn describing the Davidic king as God's “son,” which was interpreted messianically in early Judaism and christologically in early Christianity. Rather than a simple title, the designation of Jesus as God's “Son” in Mark contains and encapsulates an entire story of its own.

Beginning with an analysis of why this most important identity of Jesus in the Gospel has been under-studied, Neumann retraces the interpretive traditions surrounding Psalm 2 in early Judaism and Christianity alike. Pointing to Mark's first introduction of Jesus as God's Son into the narrative via an allusion to Ps 2:7 and portraying his baptism as a royal anointing, he demonstrates how Jesus begins to realize the implications of his anointment through his disestablishment of Satan's kingdom. Focusing on the repetition of the allusion to Ps 2:7 at Jesus's transfiguration and exploring how the Parable of the Vineyard uniquely encapsulates the Gospel as a whole, Neumann traces the use of the psalm throughout the Markan passion narrative, contending that, in Mark's vision, the hope envisaged by the psalm has been realized: the Son begins to inherit (the worship of) the nations. He concludes that Mark paradoxically portrays the accomplishment of the Messiah's victory through Jesus's crucifixion.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Sunday, June 09, 2024

Vette, Writing With Scripture (T&T Clark)

RECENT BOOK FROM BLOOMSBURY/T&T CLARK:
Writing With Scripture

Scripturalized Narrative in the Gospel of Mark

Nathanael Vette (Author)

Paperback
$39.95 $35.95

Hardback
$120.00 $108.00

Ebook (PDF)
$35.95 $28.76

Ebook (Epub & Mobi)
$35.95 $28.76

Product details

Published Jul 27 2023
Format Paperback
Edition 1st
Extent 272
ISBN 9780567704689
Imprint T&T Clark
Dimensions 9 x 6 inches
Series The Library of New Testament Studies
Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing

Description

Nathanael Vette proposes that the Gospel of Mark, like other narrative works in the Second Temple period, uses the Jewish scriptures as a model to compose episodes and tell a new story. Vette compares Mark's use of scripture with roughly contemporary works like Pseudo-Philo, the Genesis Apocryphon, 1 Maccabees, Judith, and the Testament of Abraham; diverse texts which, combined, support the existence of shared compositional techniques.

This volume identifies five scripturalized narratives in the Gospel: Jesus' forty-day sojourn in the wilderness and call of the disciples; the feeding of the multitudes; the execution of John the Baptist; and the Crucifixion of Jesus. This fresh understanding of how the Jewish scriptures were used to compose new narratives across diverse genres in the Second Temple period holds important lessons for how scholars read the Gospel of Mark. Instead of treating scriptural allusions and echoes as keys which unlock the hidden meaning of the Gospel, Vette argues that Mark often uses the Jewish scriptures simply for their ability to tell a story.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, April 19, 2024

The Haggadah counters an intermediary angel at the Exodus

PASSOVER IS COMING: I (God) and Not an Angel: The Haggadah Counters Jesus and the Arma Christi. (Prof.Steven Weitzman, TheTorah.com).
The Haggadah’s insistence that God, without an intermediary, saved the Israelites from Egypt is a veiled retort to the Christian belief that God relied on Jesus as an agent of redemption. Moreover, the midrash replaces the Arma Christi tradition of recounting the weapons Jesus used to save humanity during the Crucifixion with its own distinctively Jewish arsenal of redemption: pestilence, a sword, the Shechinah, the staff, and blood.
The author argues that this Haggadah tradition could go as far back as late antiquity.

I don't doubt that the passage as we have it offers a counter to Christianity. The essay deals with many things outside my expertise, but I can add some background to it.

The basis of the idea of an angel leading the Israelites to the Promised Land is Exodus 23:20, 23, which say so in so many words. Of course, the meaning of the passage is open to various interpretations, but a literal understanding of it seems also to have been taken up in Jewish tradition.

In the Hekhalot literature, the main passage about the high-priestly angelic figure called "the Youth" (הנער) quotes Exodus 23:20 in relation to him. Apparently he is that angel. In addition, the hand of the Lord rests upon him and the Shekhinah is present before, or in the midst of, God's throne of glory. The Youth passage appears in various places in the texts.

It is even possible that the mysterious priestly figure Mechizedek, mentioned in the Bible in Genesis 14 and Psalm 110, was identified with this angel in the Qumran Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice. This is based on its use of the odd term קרוב, "sanctuary," which arguably is based on the phrase "my name is in the midst (קרב) of him" in Exodus 23:21.

It is therefore possible that the Haggadah is countering both Christian and Jewish interpretations of Exodus 23 which posit an intermediary figure in the Exodus from Egypt.

For a detailed discussion of the evidence concerning the Youth and Melchizedek, see:

James R. Davila, Hekhalot Literature in Translation: Major Texts of Merkavah Mysticism (SJJTP 20; Leiden: Brill, 2013), pp. 345-47, 366-69 (cf. 408-9) (the Youth passages)

Davila, “Melchizedek, the ‘Youth,’ and Jesus.” Pp. 248-74 (esp. p. 263) in Davila (ed.), The Dead Sea Scrolls as Background to Postbiblical Judaism and Early Christianity: Papers from a Conference at St. Andrews in 2001 (STDJ 46; Leiden: Brill, 2003).

Davila, Liturgical Works (Eerdmans Commentaries on the Dead Sea Scrolls 6; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2000), pp. 98, 147-49.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, October 02, 2023

Edwards, Crucified: The Christian Invention of the Jewish Executioners of Jesus

NEW BOOK FROM FORTRESS:
Crucified: The Christian Invention of the Jewish Executioners of Jesus

by J. Christopher Edwards

Publisher: Fortress Press (October 3, 2023)
Language: English
Hardcover: 237 pages
ISBN-10: 506490956
ISBN-13: 978-1506490953

Historians of early Christianity unanimously agree that Jesus was executed by Roman soldiers. This consensus extends to members of the general population who have seen a Jesus movie or an Easter play and remember Roman soldiers hammering the nails. However, for early Christians, the detail that Jesus was crucified by Roman soldiers under the direction of a Roman governor threatened their desire for a stable existence in the Roman world. Beginning with the writings found in the New Testament, early Christians sought to rewrite their history and shift the blame for Jesus's crucifixion away from Pilate and his soldiers and onto Jews. During the second century, a narrative of the crucifixion with Jewish executioners predominated. During the fourth century, this narrative functioned to encourage anti-Judaism within the newly established Christian empire. Yet, in the modern world, there exists a significant degree of ignorance regarding the pervasiveness--or sometimes even the existence!--of the claim among ancient Christians that Jesus was executed by Jews. This ignorance is deeply problematic, because it leaves a gaping hole in our understanding of what for so long was the direct underpinning of Christian persecution of Jews. Moreover, it excuses from blame the venerated ancient Christian authors who constructed and perpetuated the claim that the Jews executed Jesus. And on an unconscious level, it may still influence Christians' understanding of Jews and Judaism.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, December 22, 2021

CT's biblical archaeology top ten 2021

CHRISTIANITY TODAY: Biblical Archaeology’s Top 10 Discoveries of 2021. Evidence of Herod’s green thumb, Roman crucifixion methods, and Philistine bananas add to our understanding of the world of the Bible (Gordon Govier).

As usual, PaleoJudaica has posted on many of these stories. For the Ashkelon basilica, see here. For the inscription of Pharaoh Hophra, see here. For the rediscovered Egyptian city, see here. For the Cambridgeshire crucifixion, see here and here. For the new Dead Sea Scroll fragments recovered in the Cave of Horror, see here, follow the links back from here, and also note the space coin from the same cave. For the recent discoveries at Yavneh, see here, here, and here. For that public building ("banquet hall") in the Western Wall Tunnels, see here. For the Jerubbaal (?) jug, follow the links back from here. And for the second synagogue found at Magdala, see here.

For another 2021 archaeology top-ten list, see here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, December 10, 2021

More on the Cambridgeshire crucifixion

UPDATE: Free Access to Crucifixion in the Fens: Life and Death in Roman Fenstanton.
Exclusively for British Archaeology Magazine, David Ingham & Corinne Duhig report on the excavations, and what they believe to be rare evidence for ancient crucifixion - and the first from northern Europe.
HT Richard Bauckham.

This is the underlying article behind the many media stories, including the Guardian article to which I linked yesterday. Go there for background and more links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Thursday, December 09, 2021

Crucified man excavated in Cambridgeshire

OSTEOLOGY: Best physical evidence of Roman crucifixion found in Cambridgeshire Near 1,900-year-old skeleton discovered with nail through heel bone during excavation in Fenstanton (Jamie Grierson, The Guardian). HT Dr. Michael Lyons.

The skeleton of Yehohanan ben Hagko also had a crucifixion nail driven through the heel bone. Another skeleton excavated in Jerusalem in 1970 has been flagged as possibly crucified, but the most recent analysis I know of indicates not. Another apparently crucified skeleton was excavated in Italy. For more on all three, plus additional posts on crucifixion, see here and follow the links.

In addition, there are two ancient nails that may have been used in crucifixions.

UPDATE (10 December): More here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, September 10, 2021

Maqdala artifacts returned to Ethiopia

ETHIOPIC WATCH: Maqdala treasures looted by British troops returned to Ethiopia in 'largest single restitution.' At the ceremony in London, the Ethiopian ambassador renewed calls for museums to return Maqdala objects (Martin Bailey, The Art Newspaper).

I noted the upcoming repatriation of the artifacts here in June. You can find further information on them and on the Maqdala treasures and their background in that post and its links.

This article has some new information about a second group of artifacts that was returned at the same time:

The second group of returned items comes from an unnamed Brussels collector and dealer. They include a processional cross, a priestly crown, a shield, a small icon of the Crucifixion and a talismanic scroll. Most are from the 18th and 19th centuries. The Brussels collection was acquired by [the writer Tahir] Shah for a few thousand pounds.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, April 21, 2021

Dusenbury, The Innocence of Pontius Pilate (Hurst)

NEW BOOK FROM HURST PUBLISHERS:
The Innocence of Pontius Pilate
How the Roman Trial of Jesus Shaped History

David Lloyd Dusenbury

How have Christianity and Empire been shaped by perceptions of Pilate’s role in the Crucifixion?

Hardback
£25.00
April 2021
9781787382176
456pp

The gospels and ancient historians agree: Jesus was sentenced to death by Pontius Pilate, the Roman imperial prefect in Jerusalem. To this day, Christians of all churches confess that Jesus died ‘under Pontius Pilate’. But what exactly does that mean?

Within decades of Jesus’ death, Christians began suggesting that it was the Judaean authorities who had crucified Jesus—a notion later echoed in the Qur’an. In the third century, one philosopher raised the notion that, although Pilate had condemned Jesus, he’d done so justly; this idea survives in one of the main strands of modern New Testament criticism. So what is the truth of the matter? And what is the history of that truth?

David Lloyd Dusenbury reveals Pilate’s ‘innocence’ as not only a neglected theological question, but a recurring theme in the history of European political thought. He argues that Jesus’ interrogation by Pilate, and Augustine of Hippo’s North African sermon on that trial, led to the concept of secularity and the logic of tolerance emerging in early modern Europe. Without the Roman trial of Jesus, and the arguments over Pilate’s innocence, the history of empire—from the first century to the twenty-first—would have been radically different.

The book looks at pagan and Christian debate over Pilate in late antiquity, with lots of indirect information on the attitude of both toward Jews.

There is a detailed review by David Keys in the Independent: Revealed: the ancient propaganda war that led to the triumph of Christianity.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Saturday, April 03, 2021

The Harrowing of Hell

THE ANXIOUS BENCH: Holy Saturday and the Harrowing of Hell (Philip Jenkins). Cross-file under New Testament Apocrypha Watch.
To see just how mainstream these alternative texts were in the medieval churches, consider one image that pervades the religious art of the era, namely the Harrowing of Hell. Drawn from the popular Gospel of Nicodemus, the Harrowing was not far behind the Crucifixion as a theme in medieval Christian imagery, and its impact extended to art, drama and literature. An image fundamental to mainstream Christian belief for over a thousand years derived entirely from an ancient alternative gospel.
The passages in 1 Peter 3:18-21, 4:6 (cf. 2 Peter 2:4, Jude 6) partly inspire the Harrowing of Hell myth (a.k.a. the Descensus ad Infernos). They in turn arguably have connections with the myth of the fall and infernal banishment of the Watchers in 1 Enoch

We see from Jude 14-16 that first-century Jesus followers were reading 1 Enoch. Some even considered it prophecy. For more on that, see here and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, December 30, 2020

Top 2020 Haaretz archaeology stories

2020 ROUNDUP: Jesus’ Crucifixion, a Cursed King and Mysterious Giant Mounds: Top Biblical Archaeology Stories of 2020. Why did the ostensibly monotheistic ancient Hebrews make statuettes of nude women? Is that the face of Yahweh? What’s the village excavating itself up to now? All this and more in Haaretz archaeology 2020 (Ruth Schuster, Haaretz premium). The PaleoJudaica archives cover many of these. Sensibly, the article does not limit itself to a top ten. I count eighteen stories from 2020. HT Joseph Lauer.

Another list of top 2020 archaeology stories, with some additions of my own, is here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.