Wednesday, April 16, 2025

John Van Seters (1935-2025)

INDEED: Terribly Sad News: John van Seters has Died (Jim West, Zwinglius Redivivus).
His daughter shared the very sad news about the passing of her father, Jack Sasson’s esteemed colleague, John Van Seters, just short of his 90th birthday.
Jim and Jack Sasson on the Agade list have shared the daughter's message.

Known best for his revisionist approach to Pentateuchal research, Professor Van Seters was an influential contributor to biblical studies, especially in the latter part of the twentieth century. For more details, see his Wikipedia page here.

Reqiescat in pace.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, April 15, 2025

On ancient synagogue iconography

DECORATIVE ART: Elephant in the synagogue: Iconography in thriving post-Temple community raises questions. How can these discoveries be reconciled with the widespread view that the post-Temple remnant of Jews in the Holy Land was insignificant and subject to oppression by the Romans? (JACOB SIVAK, Jerusalem Post).
... What does this brief survey of figural synagogue art tell us? Foremost, and especially important today in the context of widespread efforts to detach the Jewish story from its indigenous connection to the Land of Israel, is the fact that the Jewish people continued to inhabit and prosper in the Holy Land for hundreds of years after the destruction of the Temple, even in the midst of a Christianized Roman Empire. In addition, there is the realization that Judaism has survived over the centuries because of its ability to balance Jewish particularism with the pressures of external cultures and religions.
It is a good survey - of ancient synagogue art in the Land of Israel and the Diaspora, with some attention to some early modern Eastern European traditions too.

For the remarkable discoveries at Huqoq, not least those synagogues and their mosaics, see here and follow the many links. For many PaleoJudaica posts on other ancient synagogues in Israel, see here and links. For the question of pagan imagery in late-antique synagogues, see here and links. For many posts on the Dura-Europos synagogue and its decorative art, see here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Text excerpts in Syriac manuscripts

SYRIAC WATCH: What Syriac scribes chose to keep: A digital dive into 1,000 manuscripts (Hebrew University press release at Phys.Org).
A new study uses digital tools to analyze nearly 1,000 Syriac manuscripts from the British Library, focusing on how scribes and editors selected and rearranged parts of texts—a practice known as excerpting. Researcher Noam Maeir introduces a new measurement called Excerpts Per Manuscript (EPM) to track how often this happened. This approach reveals that the people who copied and compiled these manuscripts were not just preserving texts—they were actively shaping what future generations would read and remember.

[...]

Manuscripts were expensive to copy! Sometimes scribes would just copy favorite passages, even compiling passages from different works into one new manuscript.

Studying excerpting practices in the abundant Syriac manuscript tradition is bound to be illuminating. The digitization of Wright's nineteenth-century catalogue of the Syriac manuscripts in the British Library made the research possible.

The analysis in the article is of Wright's catalogue, not the manuscripts themselves, and it depends on his work for its accuracy. This could be made clearer in both the Phys.Org article and the PLOS ONE abstract. The technical article describes the methodology in detail.

AI isn't up to anything like identifying excertps from other works in a collection of exotic-language ancient and medieval manuscripts. We still need human researchers for that. I suspect it will be quite a while before that changes. Whether LLM AI will ever be up to it remains to be seen.

The underlying article at PLOS ONE is open access:

Material philology and Syriac excerpting practices: A computational-quantitative study of the digitized catalog of the Syriac manuscripts in the British Library

Noam Maeir
Published: March 31, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320265

Abstract

This study explores the literary practice of excerpting in Syriac manuscripts through a computational-quantitative analysis, contributing to the emerging field of Syriac material philology. The primary objective is to offer a “big picture” charting of Syriac excerpting as a non-authorial literary practice. Using digitized data from the British Library’s Syriac manuscript collection, the study analyzes nearly 20,000 excerpts, introducing the Excerpts Per Manuscript (EPM) metric to quantify and compare excerpting practices across manuscripts. The results reveal that most manuscripts contain fewer than 20 excerpts, but a small number show much higher levels of excerpting, highlighting the immense intellectual and literary activities implicated in their production. These high-EPM manuscripts appear across multiple genres, indicating that excerpting was a widespread and essential cultural activity rather than confined to specific literary types.

The study also finds that manuscripts with the highest EPM values are concentrated between the 6th and 9th centuries CE, corresponding with a period of intense literary compilation in late antiquity. This pattern reflects the importance of excerpting in knowledge organization, aligning with broader trends in the canonization of texts within Christian, Jewish, and Greco-Roman traditions. The research emphasizes the limitations of earlier cataloging approaches, which obscure non-authorial practices by focusing on authors and texts. By reorienting data through computational analysis, the study provides new insights into the role of excerpting in Syriac manuscript culture. This approach demonstrates the value of digital tools in material philology, uncovering patterns that bridge genres and timeframes, and identifying high-EPM manuscripts as key sites of intellectual and cultural activity in the Syriac literary tradition.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Van Maaren, The Gospel of Mark's Judaism and the Death of Christ as Ransom for Many (Mohr Siebeck)

NEW BOOK FROM MOHR SIEBECK:
John Van Maaren

The Gospel of Mark's Judaism and the Death of Christ as Ransom for Many

[Das Judentum des Markusevangeliums und der Tod Christi als Lösegeld für viele.] 2025. XVII, 293 pages.
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament (WUNT I) 534

€134.00
including VAT
cloth
available
978-3-16-164412-2

Also Available As:
eBook PDF
€134.00

Summary

Until recently, there has been a near consensus that the Gospel of Mark is an expression of a Gentile, post-Jewish, form of Christ adherence. In his book, John Van Maaren challenges the notion of »Gentile Mark« by developing the first narrative-wide reading of the Gospel as an expression of first-century Judaism. He consolidates insights from scattered studies and proposes new interpretations of specific texts and broader themes. He aims to lay the foundation for resituating the earliest extant account of Jesus within the history of early Christ-followers and first-century Judaism, re-examining the place of the law, the nations, the death of Jesus, and the expected kingdom of God.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, April 14, 2025

Lied and Nongbri, Working with Manuscripts (Yale)

VARIANT READINGS: Working with Manuscripts (Brent Nongbri).
It’s a nice moment when you receive the first copies of a book you’ve written. Yesterday, I had the pleasure of opening the box of authors’ copies of Working with Manuscripts, written together with my colleague Liv Ingeborg Lied.

[...]

Full details:
Working with Manuscripts
A Guide for Textual Scholars

by Liv Ingeborg Lied and Brent Nongbri

192 Pages, 5.50 x 8.50 in, 17 b-w illus.

Paperback
9780300264425
Published: Tuesday, 15 Apr 2025
$25.00

eBook
9780300281477
Published: Tuesday, 15 Apr 2025
$25.00

Hardcover
9780300264432
Published: Tuesday, 15 Apr 2025
$85.00

Description

A first-of-its-kind handbook outlining best practices and common pitfalls for students and textual scholars interested in beginning to work with manuscripts

While manuscripts are rare in most of the world today, they were once ubiquitous. Before the printing press, literature was preserved and transmitted through handwritten copies containing variant readings, mistakes, corrections, and other unique features. Those who study premodern texts, however, often use as their primary sources not these diverse artifacts but critical editions that present a single convenient hybrid text.

Brent Nongbri and Liv Ingeborg Lied argue that knowledge of manuscripts is important for all interpreters of ancient texts, even if learning how to study them can be confusing and intimidating. In this book they draw on their decades of experience with Jewish and Christian manuscripts to demystify manuscript work. Combining their interests in manuscripts as material artifacts with the ethical issues surrounding the study of manuscripts, Lied and Nongbri guide students through the main phases of research, from considerations of provenance and access to the practicalities of on-site research, analysis, and publication. The book includes aids for locating manuscripts, helpful case studies, tips for organizing data, a glossary, suggestions for further reading, and more.

Written in an engaging style with students in mind, this handbook provides an invaluable resource for anyone who wants to study a manuscript for the first time.

The formal publication date is tomorrow. Congratulations to both authors!

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4QIsaiaho

THE ETC BLOG: A Less Studied Isaiah Scroll (Anthony Ferguson).
In my own personal study of Isaiah, I’ve come across a less known and less studied Dead Sea Scroll, 4QIsao (4Q68), that preserves some insightful, even peculiar details. It dates paleographically to 100-50 BC which makes it a little younger than the more popular 1QIsaa.

[...]

Technical details follow, with a summary at the end of the post.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Review panel on Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven (6 - author response)

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW has published what I take to be the final essay in its review panel on Rafael Rachel Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven:

Author Response | Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven (Rafael Rachel Neis).

In the panel itself I began by asking those gathered to something a little different, something embodied and experimental.
I noted the earlier essays in the series here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Sunday, April 13, 2025

Ritual and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East (Mohr Siebeck)

NEW BOOK FROM MOHR SIEBECK:
Ritual and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East

Edited by Tzvi Abusch, Alan Lenzi and Jeffrey Stackert

[Ritual und Gesetz in der Hebräischen Bibel und im Alten Orient.]
2024. VIII, 265 pages.
Forschungen zum Alten Testament (FAT) 184

€129.00
including VAT

cloth
available
978-3-16-163879-4

Also Available As:
eBook PDF
€129.00

Summary

The authors of this volume celebrate the contributions of David P. Wright to the fields of biblical studies and ancient Near Eastern studies. They place particular focus on topics of ritual and law, the major concerns of Wright's scholarship. The studies included deal with various texts and issues in the Hebrew Bible, Mesopotamian texts and material culture, Hittite cultic ritual, and comparative mythology.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Saturday, April 12, 2025

Passover 2025

HAPPY PASSOVER (PESACH) to all those celebrating! The festival begins this evening at sundown.

Last year's Passover post is here, with links. Subsequent Passover-related posts are here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

UPDATE (21 April): More here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Grossberg, The Evolution of Jewish Monotheism (CUP)

NEW BOOK FROM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS:
The Evolution of Jewish Monotheism
‘God is One,’ From Antiquity to Modernity

AUTHOR: David Michael Grossberg, Cornell University, New York
DATE PUBLISHED: February 2025
AVAILABILITY: Available
FORMAT: Hardback
ISBN: 9781009569194

£ 90.00
Hardback

Other available formats:
Adobe eBook Reader

Description

In this book, David Michael Grossberg offers a fresh and illuminating perspective on the three-thousand-year history of Jewish monotheism by narrating the history of 'God is one' as a religious slogan from the ancient to the modern world. Although 'God is one' has been called Judaism's primary testimony of faith, its meaning has been obscure and contentious from its earliest emergence. From the Bible's acclamatory 'the Lord is one' to Philo of Alexandria's highest Word just secondary to God; from the Talmud's rejection of 'two powers in heaven' to the philosophers' First Existent who is one beyond unity; from the Kabbalists' ten-fold Godhead to Spinoza's one substance, this innovative history demonstrates the remarkable diversity encompassed by this deceptively simple Jewish statement of faith. Grossberg demonstrates how this diversity is unified in a continuous striving for knowledge of God that has been at the heart of Judaism from its earliest beginnings.

  • Presents a compelling narrative of the emergence of the expression 'God is one' in Greek in the classical and Hellenistic periods.
  • Critically reexamines the scholarly controversy on “monotheism” as a pre-modern category by concentrating instead on the expression 'God is one' itself in historical usage
  • Offers to scholars an innovative history of monotheism and to the non-specialist an accessible narrative of Judaism's three thousand year theological development

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, April 11, 2025

Tony Burke's Regensburg Year: March

THE APOCRYPHICITY BLOG: My Regensburg Year Part 8: March 2025.

Tony Burke is on research sabbatical for the 2024-25 academic year at the University of Regensburg in Germany.

This post includes concerts in Munich and Glasgow, Pilate's apocryphal uneasy resting place in (according to local legend) Lucerne, and Tony's lecture at the University of Glasgow on paratextual features in the Greek manuscripts of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas.

For earlier posts in the series and more on Tony's work, see here and links.

Cross-file under New Testament Apocrypha Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

On BAR covers

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Cover Story. How BAR covers grab readers by the eyeballs (Robert Sugar).
As BAR’s Design Director for almost its entire history, I have been involved with the design of nearly every cover of every issue of the magazine—not to mention its sister publications, Bible Review and Archaeology Odyssey. Altogether, that makes more than 500 covers!

From the beginning, we wanted to create covers that dramatically presented the amazing artistic, architectural, and cultural accomplishments of the peoples described in the Bible, with impressive images and provocative commentary. It is hard to pick favorites, but here I have selected a dozen, arranged chronologically—in my opinion the best examples of the types of covers that have made BAR so successful for so many years.

[...]

For more on Biblical Archaeology Review's fiftieth anniversary, see here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Guide to ethnographic passages by Flavius Josephus

ETHNIC RELATIONS AND MIGRATION IN THE ANCIENT WORLD: Guide to Josephos of Jerusalem (Philip A. Harland).
This is a guide for reading ethnographic passages in Josephos (Flavius Josephus) on this website roughly sequentially:
For more on the Ethnic Relations and Migrations blog, see here and here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Thursday, April 10, 2025

Classical vs. Late Biblical Hebrew from a statistical perspective

HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: Classical versus Late Biblical Hebrew: Two Statistical Case Studies (Dr. Moshe Rachmuth, Prof. Stephen Portnoy, Prof. Jacob L. Wright).
Is “kingdom” in Biblical Hebrew, מַמְלָכָה mamlakha or מַלְכוּת malkhut? How does the Bible express that something is prohibited? Many linguistic scholars posit that it depends on the dialect, CBH or LBH. Does statistical analysis support this conclusion?
Building on the work of scholars such as the late Avi Hurvitz.

Some PaleoJudaica posts on the vexed question of linguistic dating of biblical Hebrew are here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Latest on on those 3rd-millennium alphabetic (?) inscriptions

UPDATE: What was the first alphabet in the world? New discoveries challenge old ideas about the earliest alphabets (Tom Metcalfe, Live Science).
With so many ancient texts around the world, you might wonder which alphabet was the first to be developed. In other words, what is the oldest confirmed alphabet in the world?

Experts told Live Science it was probably the proto-Sinaitic script, which was invented about 4,000 years ago by Canaanite workers at an Egyptian turquoise mine in the Sinai region. The proto-Sinaitic script developed into the Phoenician alphabet, which, in turn, inspired the early Hebrew, Greek and Roman alphabets.

However, a November 2024 discovery by researchers at Johns Hopkins University suggested that an alphabetic script was being used hundreds of years earlier, in what is now northern Syria. Their evidence is four clay cylinders, each about as long as a finger, from a Bronze Age tomb at Umm el-Marra, near Aleppo.

[...]

PaleoJudaica has already posted on this story here, here, and here. This article notes responses from additional specialists. The mood still seems to be cautious.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Gupta on the Septuagint

SUBSTACK SERIES: Studying Early Judaism: the Septuagint. A Guide to Resources for New Testament Studies (Nijay K. Gupta, Studying Early Judaism Substack).

I have noted other posts in the series here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, April 09, 2025

On the Amarna letters

THETORAH.COM has a collection of eight essays by Dr. Alice Mandell on the Amarna letters.

Part 1: Akhetaten, Egypt’s Ancient Capital: Records of Ancient Diplomacy

A cache of over 380 cuneiform tablets, written in Akkadian, the ancient international language, sheds light on the political realities of the Levant in late 14th century, more than 100 years before the appearance of Israel.
Part 2: Suppiluliuma I of Hatti: Pharaoh’s “Brother” and Rival
Located in eastern Turkey, the kingdom of the Hittites competed with Egypt for control of Amurru and Mittani in modern-day Lebanon and Syria.
Part 3: Kadashman-Enlil I of Babylon Feels Disrespected by Amunhotep III
The Kassite king of Babylonia accuses the pharaoh of insulting his sister, whom he had taken as a wife, and of sending him diluted gold.
Part 4: Pharaoh and His Vassals in Canaan
Canaanite kings, such as Abimilki of Tyre, write to Pharaoh to ask for help and complain about rivals. Notable is Aziru, king of Amurru, who abandons his loyalty to Egypt in favor of the Hittites.
Part 5: The ‘Apiru and Labʾayu Ruler of Shechem
Abdi–Ḫeba of Jerusalem, among other Canaanite rules, appeal to Pharaoh for help against the ‘Apiru, who are destroying towns. Some local rulers are even accused of being in league with the ‘Apiru, the most colorful and notorious of which was Labʾayu of Shechem.
Part 6: Scribes: The Diplomats of the Amarna-Age
The Amarna letters are presented in the voice of various kings, but they are actually literary creations crafted by professional scribes who employ wordplay, parallelism, and other rhetorical techniques to make their patrons' messages as persuasive as possible.
Part 7: The Scribal Team of Rib-Hadda of Byblos
As king of an important port city, Rib-Hadda employed at least ten scribes, who were trained in a certain rhetorical style, some of whom travelled with him north to Ṣumer and south to Beirut.
Part 8: King Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem Commissions a Syrian Scribe
In the earliest texts from Jerusalem, dating to the 14th century B.C.E., the royal scribe peppers his Akkadian letters with Canaanite forms and expressions to defend Abdi-Heba against accusations of disloyal to the pharaoh.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

More Coptic magical papyri

THE COPTIC MAGICAL PAPYRI BLOG: Kyprianos Update (31 March 2025).
We’re pleased to announce that we have just updated the Kyprianos Database of Ancient Ritual Texts and Objects, the first of many to come in the framework of the new Coptic Magical Formularies project.
The new magical texts include Christian Apocrypha-like material on the Four Magi (yes, four), the birth of Jesus, and the Virgin Mary.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Hebrew Bible vs. Old Testament

TERMINOLOGY: Hebrew Bible vs. Old Testament: More than an editorial choice. Whether on scrolls or in codices, these texts continue to speak across traditions, inviting readers to engage with them in all their richness (Daniel Esparza, Aleteia).

A brief overview of the different implications of the two terms.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, April 08, 2025

The life of an (aspiring) lost-language decipherer

AMBITIOUS HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: The lonely life of a glyph-breaker. The heroic days of deciphering hieroglyphics and cuneiform make for great stories, but will we ever see that happen again? (Francesco Perono Cacciafoco, Aeon).
Rather than trying to amass oceans of scientific papers listing self-evident results and futile findings, instead of inserting AI and unnecessary technologies into the most human of activities, like teaching, universities and research institutions should value and support their people (something that, nowadays, happens more and more rarely) and be especially inclusive of the ones among them who are able to think outside the box, to go the extra mile towards the achievement of what is believed to be unattainable or, simply, impossible – like the decipherment of undeciphered writing systems.

There’s no question that challenges remain. Linear A, the Phaistos Disc, the Indus Valley script, the Rongorongo writing system, the Singapore Stone and many other mysteries still await their codebreakers. Their decipherment seems unlikely – especially for scripts with very few surviving texts – but so too did the breakthroughs in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and Linear B.

I agree with all of the above, not least the reservations about AI matching human creativity in the foreseeable future.

This long article has a good discussion of the challenges of deciphering lost languages, a challenge that is more difficult today because most of the remaining lost-language remnants survive in such sparse samples. It also includes detailed accounts of Champollion's decipherment of Egyptian hierogyphics and Ventris's decipherment of Linear B.

The headline mentions the decipherment of cuneiform, but the article says little about it. For more, see here, here and (especially) here.

For a test-case of AI decipherment from some years ago, using Ugaritic, see here and here. For more comments on the use of AI for various aspects of ancient language decipherment and analysis, see here, here (especially), here, and here.

For the importance of the decipherment of the ancient Egyptian and cuneiform languages, see my post Why we need Akkadian (and the humanities!), again from some years ago, but still relevant. See also here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.