Tuesday, October 03, 2017

Rabbi Steinsaltz profiled

TALMUD WATCH: IN SEARCH OF THE TRUTH: A WIDE-RANGING PROFILE OF RABBI ADIN STEINSALTZ (NATAN ODENHEIMER, Jerusalem Post).
‘Rabbi Steinsaltz once told me that the most important question in life is ‘Then what?’ “You get married, then what? You do a good deed, then what? The outcome, what is left after we take action, is the paramount question we ask ourselves,” says Steinsaltz’s student Rabbi Pini Alush.

Recently, Rabbi Adin Even-Yisrael Steinsaltz, one of the most important rabbinic figures today, turned 80. He established and led yeshivot, was the rabbi of the Tzemah Tzedek Synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem, and authored several books. However, his most remarkable achievement is translating and commenting on the entire Talmud.

[...]
For additional background on Rabbi Steinsaltz, his recent health difficulties, and his work, especially his Hebrew and English translations of the Talmud, start here and follow the many links. And this 2014 post on The Lubavitcher Rebbe's 20th yahrzeit is also of interest for this article.

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Monday, October 02, 2017

Ancient Jewish settlement found near Samaria

ARCHAEOLOGY: Lost First-Temple Jewish City Discovered Under IDF Training Base (JNi.Media).
A few weeks ago, the staff of the Archeology Department of the IDF Civil Administration arrived at the area of a now abandoned training base, next door to the town of Beit El in Samaria, and, digging under the old parade grounds, they were astonished to discover a hidden Jewish city, Yedioth Aharonot reported Thursday.

The dig revealed a Jewish settlement of several dozen residents, dating back to the First Temple period. It was later inhabited during the Persian period and expanded in the Hellenistic and Hasmonean periods, remaining in Jewish hands until the Roman era.

[...]
This sounds more like a village than a "city." But it's an important discovery nonetheless. It seems that the only report so far is from an Israeli newspaper, so I look forward to hearing more specifics more directly from the archaeologists.

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Why Ashkenazi Jews are not Khazars

THE FORWARD: Ashkenazi Jews Are Not Khazars. Here’s The Proof (Alexander Beider).
Since the late 19th century, the so-called “Khazarian theory” has promoted the idea that a bulk of Ashkenazic Jews living in Eastern Europe descended from medieval Khazars, a semi-nomadic Turkic people who founded a powerful polyethnic state in the Caucasus and north to the Caspian, Azov and Black seas. The theory received a recent boost with the 1976 publication of “The Thirteenth Tribe,” a book by Arthur Koestler. Most recently, the Khazarian hypothesis has been promoted by authors like the Tel Aviv University professor of history Shlomo Sand and Tel Aviv University professor of linguistics Paul Wexler, as well the geneticist Eran Elhaik.

Despite this institutional backing, the theory is absolutely without evidence. ...
For past PaleoJudaica posts on the idea that Ashkenazi Jews came from the Khazars, see here and follow the links. The posts deal in particular with the genetic and linguistic evidence against the idea.

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Review of Sanders, From Adapa to Enoch

THE BIBLICAL REVIEW BLOG: “From Adapa to Enoch” by Seth Sanders (William Brown).
Seth Sanders. From Adapa to Enoch. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 167. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck, 2017, 280 pp..
Excerpt:
In summary, Sanders sets out clear evidence for the relationship between Adapa and Enoch as the scribal heroes of their respective scribal communities; however, he is careful to consider how each scribal hero was unique to their culture. This idea of a scribal hero shared between Babylonian and Judean scribes was likely a result of shared Aramaic scribal culture. Furthermore, the notions of divine presence likely spread to Judean scribes via the “parchment period,” a period during which Aramaic was a primary, common means of knowledge. So, Judean scribes began to explore this issue as a result of the exile. This result in ideas which eventually culminated into a focus on specific measurements, a form of Judean, apocalyptic science. So, by the end of the 1st millennium, Judean scribes shared with Babylonian scribes the notion of a “semiotic ontology in which the universe was shaped by God in language-like ways” (235). For Judeans, this was expressed as narratives, while Babylonians expressed this via cuneiform collections.
Past PaleoJudaica posts on the book are here and here (cf. here)

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Ktivah

YONA SABAR: Hebrew Word of the Week: ktivah "writing, inscribing" כתיבה. There. I think we're caught up with these for now.

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Sunday, October 01, 2017

Scribal errors, cakes, and Phoenician

BIBLICAL LANGUAGES: Scribal Errors and Decorative Cakes (Phillip Marshall). These involve decorative cakes whose inscriptions accidentally included instructions about the cake. They are very amusing. For a similar case in Phoenician on a rather more durable medium than cake, see here.

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Some resources on the Temple Mount

THE BIBLE PLACES BLOG: Resources on the Temple and Temple Mount (Todd Bolen). Cross-file under Temple Mount Watch.

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Review of Cuttica and Mahlberg (ed.), Patriarchal Moments

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: Cesare Cuttica, Gaby Mahlberg (ed.), Patriarchal Moments: Reading Patriarchal Texts. Textual moments in the history of political thought. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016. Pp. xii, 217. ISBN 9781472589156. $29.95. Reviewed by Georgina White, Central European University (whiteg@ceu.edu).
This collection of essays represents a fresh offering in Bloomsbury Press’s “Textual Moments in the History of Political Thought” series, an exciting new attempt to bring together a number of essays by experts on key texts in the history of political thought.
Most of the essays are on texts from the Reformation to the modern period, but there are some on antiquity. The first two are on, respectively, the Talmud and the Hebrew Bible.

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Shiʿur

YONA SABAR: Hebrew Word of the Week: shiʿur "lesson" (Yiddish shíur) שׁיעור.

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Saturday, September 30, 2017

A flute played on Yom Kippur

DR. MENACHEM KATZ: The Baal Shem Tov and the Boy who Played Flute on Yom Kippur (TheGemara.com).
A Talmudic reading of a Hassidic tale—and vice versa.

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Precedents for the Yom Kippur War?

DR. NADAV SHARON: An Ancient Precedent for the Yom Kippur War? (TheTorah.com).
Two Roman conquests of Jerusalem (Pompey in 63 B.C.E. and Sosius in 37 B.C.E.) purportedly happened on “the day of the fast,” during which the Jews barely defended themselves. Is this a reference to Yom Kippur and why didn’t the Jews defend themselves?
Perhaps.

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Kapparah

YONA SABAR: Hebrew Word of The Week: kapparah "expiatory sacrifice; atonement" כפרה. Timely

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Moss and Baden, Bible Nation

FORTHCOMING BOOK FROM PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS: Scholars Highlight Hobby Lobby Owners' Path From Retail Giant to Bible Curators (Shannon Hill, Publisher's Weekly).
In 2010, the owners of retail giant Hobby Lobby started buying something that would never grace the shelves of its crafting megastore: biblical artifacts. Since that time, the Green family has accumulated over 40,000 items that range from fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls to Elvis Presley’s personal Bible. Much of their collection—one of the largest private collections in the world—will be displayed at their new Museum of the Bible, set to open in Washington, D.C. this November. But biblical scholars Candida Moss and Joel Baden question the ethics behind some of the Green’s acquisitions and the way the museum is being presented as a nonsectarian “Christian Smithsonian.” Their new book, Bible Nation: The United States of Hobby Lobby (Princeton University Press, Oct.), provides an investigative look into the Green’s collection and their Museum of the Bible, making a case for how the powerful evangelical family is trying to dominate the story of the Bible.
A brief interview with the authors follows. And follow the link in the excerpt above for a brief review.

For past PaleoJudaica posts on Hobby Lobby, the Museum of the Bible, and the Greek Collection, start here (cf. here and here) and follow the links. For a recent article by the authors, see here.

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Friday, September 29, 2017

Ancient Judaism, philosophy, and early Christianity

THE OUP BLOG: Stoicism, Platonism, and the Jewishness of Early Christianity (Troels Engberg-Pedersen).
This new understanding raises a question that may be worth pondering: is Stoicism better suited than Platonism to capture, express, and articulate the Jewishness of Early Christianity? That is, can one understand why early Christian writers, like Paul and John, may have felt that Stoic ideas were more congenial than Platonic ones for bringing out their own understanding of God, Jesus Christ, the ‘Spirit’ and the meaning of these three entities for human beings?
The author's new book John and Philosophy: A New Reading of the Fourth Gospel came out earlier this year with OUP.

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Review of Afterman, '“And They Shall Be One Flesh”

H-JUDAIC BOOK REVIEW: Hecker on Afterman, '“And They Shall Be One Flesh”: On​ The ​L​anguage of Mystical Union in Judaism​'.
Adam Afterman. “And They Shall Be One Flesh”: On​ The ​L​anguage of Mystical Union in Judaism​. Supplements to The Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy Series. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2016. Illustrations. x + 279 pp. $145.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-90-04-32872-3.

Reviewed by Joel Hecker (Reconstructionist Rabbinical College)
Published on H-Judaic (September, 2017)
Commissioned by Katja Vehlow

In this first book-length historical overview of mystical union in the Jewish tradition, the thesis is stated succinctly in the introduction (chapter 1): “The history of Jewish unitive language is constituted of ... two trends: the lineage of Philonic or Neoplatonic mystical union, in which the human is elevated to God’s dwelling and becomes one with Him; and the lineage of mystical embodiment, the notion of the divine indwelling by means of its name, light and spirit, in the midst of the human” (p. 3). Adam Afterman contends that the historical arc traces a movement that begins with the upward unitive trajectory predominating, until the downward integrative dynamic took the fore, corresponding to a gradual historical shift of religious focus from the Godhead to the human body and psyche in premodern and modern Jewish mysticism. In Afterman’s telling, medieval Judaism posited metaphysical structures extending between God and man that allowed for spiritual or intellectual ascent, leading to forms of intimacy and union with God and the development of new forms of religious expression.

[...]
Not surprisingly, Philo of Alexandria has a prominent place early in the book.

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Ezrah

YONA SABAR: Hebrew Word of the Week: ezrah "help, assistance, strength" עזרה.

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Yom Kippur 2017

YOM KIPPUR, the Day of Atonement, begins this evening at sundown. An easy fast to all those observing it.

For background and past posts on Yom Kippur, follow the links collected here in last year's post.

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Thursday, September 28, 2017

Israel gives UNESCO replica of Arch of Titus

GOOD TROLLING: In unsubtle critique, Israel gifts UNESCO Arch of Titus replica. Cultural agency's chief Irina Bokova accepts frieze of menorah being carted off by Romans as 'recognition of the strength of our partnership with Israel' (Raphael Ahren, Times of Israel).
Shama-Hacohen handed the replica to UNESCO’s outgoing director-general Irina Bokova, who, in her speech, offered a more subtle critique of one-sided anti-Israel resolutions passed routinely by her organization’s member states.
I'm sure Ms. Bokova was in on the joke. Too bad she's stepping down next month.

Background on the recent and often unhelpful UNESCO resolutions mentioned in the article is here and links.

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They found *what* in a jar in an ancient tomb?

DISCOVERY: 4,000-YEAR-OLD DECAPITATED TOADS DISCOVERED IN ANCIENT JERUSALEM TOMB (Daniel K. Eisenbud, Jerusalem Post).

This sounds like the beginning of a B horror movie involving mummies. If I were there, I would leave fast.

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Abrams, The Jewish Journey

FORTHCOMING SOON: New book shines spotlight on Ashmolean's Jewish treasures (Andrew Ffrench, The Oxford Mail).
A NEW book is to shine a spotlight on 22 little-known treasures at Oxford's Ashmolean Museum, revealing the 4,000-year history of the Jewish people.

[...]

They range from a 2000-year-old Dead Sea Scroll jar, to be displayed by the museum next month for the very first time since its purchase in 1952, to a forged English banknote made by Jewish prisoners in a Nazi concentration camp.

[...]

The Jewish Journey: 4,000 Years in 22 Objects is being published by the Ashmolean Museum on Tuesday, October 17, priced £15.

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Another review of Hunt, "Hannibal"

PUNIC WATCH: 'Hannibal' is a biography told with a novelist's touch (David Walton, Dallas News).
Hannibal, Patrick N. Hunt's readable and accessible biography of the great Carthaginian general, reminds us how little we know about even the best-known historical figures.
"And let's not forget the elephants."

Past posts on the book are here and here.

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Wednesday, September 27, 2017

Conference in honor of Malachi Beit-Arié

AT HAMBURG UNIVERSITY: Manuscripts East and West – Towards Comparative and General Codicology. A Conference in Honour of Malachi Beit-Arié. Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures, Hamburg, 17 - 19 October 2017.
Malachi Beit-Arié is the Ludwig Jesselson Professor Emeritus of Codicology and Palaeography at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and one of the leading scholars in manuscript studies worldwide. He was head of the Hebrew Palaeography Project under the auspices of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and he served as the director of the Jewish National and University Library of Jerusalem from 1979 until 1990. He is also the founder and director of SfarData, the first online codicological database of dated mediaeval Hebrew manuscripts.

Malachi Beit-Arié's work has an enormous impact on contemporary research in comparative manuscript studies. Therefore CSMC has invited 25 colleagues to this conference in honour of his 80th birthday in May 2017 and his scholarly achievements. The scholars and scientists working on diverse Asian, African and European manuscript cultures will contribute to a general methodological re-assessment of manuscript research and to new comparative perspectives on codicology and palaeography.
Follow the link for further particulars.

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Review of Uusimäki, Turning Proverbs towards Torah

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: Turning Torah Towards Proverbs: 4Q525 in Late Second Temple Perspective (Carson Bay).
Elisa Uusimäki, Turning Proverbs towards Torah: an Analysis of 4Q525. Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 117. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
Excerpt:
This work constitutes a robust study of a text which, it turns out, is quite important among the Qumran material due to what it can tell us about wisdom and torah as generic and intellectual categories among the Scrolls and within late Second Temple Judaism.

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Conjectural emendation

THE ETC BLOG: Trovato on why we need to face the ‘awkward problem’ of conjectural emendation (Peter Gurry).

I agree with much of the reasoning in this post, but I would like to see some bibliography to back up some of the statistical assertions. In any case, I fully agree that cautious use of conjectural emendation is necessary when dealing with ancient texts that have come down to us in a long manuscript tradition. This includes the New Testament.

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Dvorah

YONA SABAR: Hebrew Word of the Week: dvorah "bee"; "Deborah" דבורה.

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Tuesday, September 26, 2017

The Talmud on idolatry and sorcery

THIS WEEK'S DAF YOMI COLUMN BY ADAM KIRSCH IN TABLET: False Idols. Talmudic rabbis disagree on whether the action or the intention of veneration or protest is more important. Plus: Is magic holy?
Throughout this discussion, there is a certain ambiguity in the Talmudic attitude toward pagan gods. Are Jews supposed to refrain from worshipping idols because they are not really gods, or precisely because they are? In other words, is the sin of idol-worship a sin of frivolity, taking a thing of wood and stone for a divine being? Or is it a sin of disloyalty, preferring another divine being to the Jewish God? Today, we are usually taught the first explanation: Judaism invented ethical monotheism, replacing belief in many gods with belief in the one Creator of the universe.

But in the Talmud, things are not so clear. In Sanhedrin 67a, for instance, we learn that sorcery is another crime punishable by death in Jewish law. But this is not because sorcery is a lie; on the contrary, it is a crime because it is a very real and powerful form of trafficking with demons. The Hebrew word for sorcery, keshafim, is read by the rabbis as an acronym for the phrase “contradicts the heavenly entourage”: In other words, it involves calling up infernal powers to challenge the power of heaven. ...

Earlier Daf Yomi columns are noted here and links.

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Herod and his family

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Herod the Great and the Herodian Family Tree. From Lawrence Mykytiuk's BAR article identifying real New Testament political figures.

More on Dr. Mykytiuk's list of externally verified New Testament persons, as well as his related research, is here and links. For past PaleoJudaica posts on Herod the Great and the Herodian family, see here (cf. here, here, and here) and links.

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More on the Lublin DSS conference

THE CONFERENCE PROGRAM IS NOW POSTED: The Dead Sea Scrolls Seventy Years Later. Manuscripts, Traditions, Interpretations, and Their Biblical Context. Johnn Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Institute of Biblical Studies, Lublin, Poland. October 25-26, 2017. The announcement has the indicated dates, but the program listings start on 24 October.

I noted the CFP for this conference last year here.

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Netanyahu

YONA SABAR: Hebrew Word of the Week: netanyahu "Netanyahu (proper name)" נתניהו.

I have fallen well behind on the Hebrew Word of the Week columns. I'll try to get caught up in the coming days.

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Monday, September 25, 2017

Epic-fantasy ancient Judea

NOVEL SERIES: “Game of Thrones” Meets the Ancient Middle East: An Interview with Daniel Arenson, Author of “Kings of Ruin” (Ilana Teitelbaum, HuffPost).
Dynastic politics, magic, and violence—Daniel Arenson’s new epic fantasy series, beginning with Kings of Ruin, has them all. Set in an alternate version of ancient Rome and Judea, the series recalls Game of Thrones with its political and sexual intrigues, brutality, and vivid characters. Arenson’s world is deeply imagined and inspired by historical events, even as it is infused with magic.

I caught up with Daniel to talk about his inspirations for the Kingdoms of Sand series, the magic of his world, and more.

[...]
If you like epic fantasy, you may want to give this series a try.

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Satlow on the Ten Commandments

MICHAEL SATLOW: What are the Ten Commandments? Excerpt:
In teaching this material the other day I was also left with another question: Exactly how important is the account of the giving of the Ten Commandments in the narrative of the Torah? In the DeMille movie, it is the climax of the Moses narrative. If you didn’t have such a preconception, though, would it really seem all that important or would it seem “flatter,” just one of the Torah’s many stories and law collections? I’m still pondering that one.
Good question.

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The "fifth" and "sixth" supplements to the Hexapla

SEPTUAGINT STUDIES BLOG: Origen’s Fifth and Sixth Greek Editions (JOHN MEADE). I'm not sure how much these accounts really tell us about the discoveries of these sources, but they are all we have.

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Review of Livesey, Galatians and the Rhetoric of Crisis

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: Nina E. Livesey, Galatians and the Rhetoric of Crisis: Demosthenes - Cicero – Paul. Salem, OR: Polebridge Press, 2016. Pp. 273. ISBN 9781598151749. $26.00 (pb). Reviewed by Alexandra Gruca-Macaulay, Saint Paul University, Ottawa (amacaulay@ustpaul.ca).
The New Testament Letter to the Galatians continues to raise questions regarding the function of its sustained polemics against the primacy of Mosaic law and the requirement for male circumcision for gentile adherents to the early Christ movement. In Galatians and the Rhetoric of Crisis, Nina Livesey has sought to bring the Letter to the Galatians into a comparative analysis with selected passages from Demosthenes’ and Cicero’s Philippics from within a “rhetoric of crisis” framework, in an attempt to uncover “a viable explanation...for Paul’s stance regarding circumcision and Torah adoption of non-Jews” (p. 8).

[...]

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Sunday, September 24, 2017

Review of Wendt, At the Temple Gates

MARGINALIA REVIEW OF BOOKS: Marketing Religion in the Roman Empire. Sarah E. Rollens reviews At the Temple Gates by Heidi Wendt.
In her new book At the Temple Gates: The Religion of Freelance Experts in the Roman Empire, Heidi Wendt examines sociology of religion in the Roman Empire and attempts to discern how figures such as Paul marketed their religious ideas in urban spaces. Wendt explores popular religions’ key players in the Roman Empire (primary the first three centuries CE), and in doing so reflects a broad trend that examines religious competition within ancient cities and civic life.

[...]
The book and the review have a lot to say about Paul and other ancient Judean "self-authorized," "freelance experts" and their cultural context.

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Hapax legomenon

PHILOLOGY: Hapax legomenon: the classicist's googlewhack (Boing Boing). Hapax legomena are, of course, important for biblical studies and all areas of philology. There is a well-known book by Frederick Greenspahn on Hapax Legomena in Biblical Hebrew

At some point early in Google's history it was a thing to try to find a search term that gave back just one Google result. That is rather like a hapax legomenon. But I guess those days are gone entirely and now you need two terms together; hence the "googlewhack."

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Woes of the Barsavmo Monastery

ASSYRIAN (MODERN SYRIAC) WATCH: Historic Syriac monastery needs attention (Hurrieyet Daily News).
A 1,300-year-old historic rock monastery near the Barıştepe village in the southeastern province of Mardin’s Midyat district is waiting to be discovered.

Also known as the Mor Barsavmo Monastery, where Syriac priests are estranged, some of its outer walls collapsed because of negligence and some of the historic inscriptions were destroyed.

Rahibi Edip Daniel Savcı, the priest of the Mor Yakup Monastery, said: “We are few in number here, unfortunately we cannot protect structures like this.”

[...]

The 1,300 year-old Mor Barsavmo Monastery, which was built on a carved rock in a mountainous field and once was the center for Syriac priests, is waiting to be taken under protection.

[...]
There have been many difficulties for the Syriac Christians in the Mardin Governate of Turkey in recent years.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Hurtado, Ancient Jewish Monotheism and Early Christian Jesus-Devotion

LARRY HURTADO: Selected Essays on Jesus-Devotion.
I’m pleased to have author’s copies of a volume of selected essays of mine: Ancient Jewish Monotheism and Early Christian Jesus-Devotion: The Context and Character of Christological Faith (Baylor University Press, 2017), the publisher’s online catalog entry here.

[...]
Cross-file under New Book.

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Saturday, September 23, 2017

The Hannibal pen series

PUNIC WATCH: Montblanc pays homage to Hannibal with diamond-topped artistry. The art of writing has never been so luxurious (Winnie Chung, South China Morning Post).
Unveiled at an exclusive invitation-only event in Singapore for less than 200 worldwide VIPs and media (of which STYLE was one), Montblanc’s High Artistry Homage to Hannibal Barca Limited Edition is inspired by the tale of a genius Punic military commander from Carthage, named Hannibal Barca (247 – between 183 and 182 BC), who fought his way over the Pyrenees on elephants from Spain and scored three dramatic victories in Italy.

The Hannibal collection displays several outstanding techniques from stone cutting and setting, to granulation lacquering and cutting-edge technology such the use of an ultraviolet laser. Each of the editions features a cap top in the shape of an elephant with a clip shaped like the animal’s trunk. In reference to his military exploits, many details evoke the military armour worn by the Punic army, in the form of delicate engravings on the cone ring to ancient drawings to Punic armour design engraved on the nib.
The top one in the series, the High Artistry Homage to Hannibal Barca Limited Edition 1, sells for 1.5 million Euros.

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Conference on Syriac in the Early Modern World

THE RELIGION PROF. BLOG: #CFP : Syriac and its Users in the Early Modern World, c.1500-c.1750 (James McGrath). At Oxford University, 15-16 March 2018. Cross-file under Syriac Watch.

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Congratulations to Dr. Jones

BRICE C. JONES HAS A NEW JOB: Gorgias Press: Acquisitions Editor for Early Christianity and Patristics. PaleoJudaica has linked from time to time to Dr. Jones's blog on matters pertaining mostly to papyrology.

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Daniel in the manuscripts

THE ETC BLOG: “Daniel” in Select Codices (John Meade).
Though the MSS probably did not help the ancients concretize the canon, they do visualize for us what an ancient scribe or church father meant or conceptualized by the title of a certain book. This may not be a big deal for New Testament studies, but for the Greek Old Testament, we need to take this point to heart. The contents of books such as Jeremiah, 1-2 Esdras, Esther, and Daniel are not very straightforward. Let’s use “Daniel” as a test case by touring some select MS images of the book to see whether our vision of the contents improves.
The "Book of Daniel" is an especially messy case. These manuscripts exhibit differences in whether and how the Apocryphal additions are incorporated into the book. The Old Greek translation of the book also seems to preserve elements of an earlier version than the Masoretic text.

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Friday, September 22, 2017

Retrospective on Himmelfarb's "Ascent to Heaven in Jewish and Christian Apocalypses"

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: Retrospective | Martha Himmelfarb.
Thanks to the editors of Ancient Jew Review for the opportunity to reflect on my work on heavenly ascent in Jewish and Christian apocalypses. It’s now almost a quarter of a century since the publication of Ascent to Heaven in Jewish and Christian Apocalypses (1993), which I believe was the first book to treat the entire corpus of eight ascent apocalypses from the end of the third century BCE to the second century CE. ...
This book is a classic. I still have it in my stack of frequenlty-consulted books next to my desk.

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Interview with Philip Jenkins

RELIGION NEWS SERVICE: Where Satan came from, and other things that happened from the Old Testament to the New (Jana Riess).
Philip Jenkins rivals Karen Armstrong as a writer who can take some of the most complex topics of religious history and make them accessible without dumbing them down.

Adding to his line of smart, informative books is the new Crucible of Faith: The Ancient Revolution That Made Our Modern Religious World. I interviewed the Baylor historian about the new book. — JKR
I noted the publication of The Crucible of Faith here. Besides being a prolific writer of scholarly books, Professor Jenkins is a contributor to the Anxious Bench Blog. PaleoJudaica cites his posts there frequently.

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Dates on ancient Jewish inscriptions

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: How Ancient Jews Dated Years (Biblical Archaeology Society Staff). The content is less broad than the title. The essay deals focuses on dates on coins during and after the two Jewish revolts against Rome. But its particular interest is a recently discovered documentary text that dates itself from the end of the Bar Kokhba Revolt: “Year 4 of the Destruction of the House of Israel.”

This essay was published originally in 2013, but I missed it then.

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A midrash on transmitting the Torah

PROF. STEVEN D. FRAADE: A Precariously Fragile Torah (TheTorah.com).
Moses and R. Judah HaNasi implore: “I would be most grateful if you would maintain the Torah after me.”
That is, they do so in Sifre Deuteronomy.

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Thursday, September 21, 2017

Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and "mother!"

CINEMA: A number of reviewers have concluded that Darren Aronofsky's new and controversial film, mother!, is an allegorical retelling of something like a Gnostic creation myth. (Readers may recall that Aronofsky also was the director of Noah a few years ago.)

I'll give you two reviews of mother!, one with a more or less Gnostic reading and one with a more or less Kabbalistic one. As you will see, they overlap considerably. Both contain spoilers, so read no further if that matters to you. Really, stop now.

The Gnostic reading: Jennifer Lawrence’s New Movie is, Basically, the Bible, Only Freakier. If you’ve paid attention at Sunday school, Darren Aronofsky’s ‘mother!’ will feel mightily familiar, but still completely crazy (Sophie Aroesty, Tablet Magazine).
mother! is a retelling of the bible, from creation in the Torah, through the New Testament, all the way to present day. mother is Mother Earth, the embodied spirit of the actual earth, the house. Him is God. man is Adam, woman (Michelle Pfeiffer) is Eve (and maybe part snake). After you get that, it’s not too hard to piece everything together. When man is throwing up in the toilet, with a bad scar under his shoulder? That’s when God takes Adam’s rib to create Eve. When man and woman destroy Him’s precious crystal? That was Adam and Eve eating the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge. When the funeral guests destroy the sink and waterlog the house? That’s the great flood. And the realizations goes on and on and on, to the creation of the New Testament, the birth and death of Jesus, and Christianity’s followers eating the body and blood of Christ. Literally. All of these moments that at the time feel like, what the hell? later make total sense. “Later” just might be, you know, a couple days later.
It's a nice cosmic synchronicity that the reviewer's name is Sophie.

The Kabbalistic reading: The Heretical Gnosticism Of Darren Aronofsky’s Most Daring Film (Jay Michaelson, The Forward).
... As I subsequently read, Aronofsky intends “mother!” to be a parable touching on radical environmentalism (mother as in Mother Earth, the sentient Gaia being systematically destroyed by humankind) and Jewish and Christian myths of the sacred feminine. So let’s walk through the film on those terms — the results are quite remarkable.

Lawrence’s character – named in the credits as Her – is a blend of the Shechinah, the Virgin Mary, Mother Earth, and the universal “feminine” principle of nurturing, incubating, caring, and giving. (I scarequote ‘feminine’ here because all of these gendered myths can be essentialist and oppressive. Women are not necessarily ‘feminine’ in this sense; nor are men ‘masculine.’ These are categories that are at once symbolically fruitful and politically perilous.)
For my part, I think the movie sounds horrific and I do not intend to see it. But now you have some information and you can decide whether it is for you or not.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Still more from Novenson on The Grammar of Messianism

THE ASOR BLOG: The Grammar of Messianism (Matthew V. Novenson).
My title, The Grammar of Messianism, is not a promise of a survey of terrain, but rather a thesis statement with a suppressed verb. That is to say, my goal in this book is not to map exhaustively the rules of ancient messiah discourse (to do so would be painfully tedious, even if it were possible), but to show that the relevant primary texts do amount to such a discourse, that messianism is effectively a grammar. To this end, each chapter of the book takes up a classic problem in the modern study of ancient messianism—for example, the messianic vacuum hypothesis (i.e., that there are certain conspicuous gaps in the history of messianism), the quest for the first messiah, and the Jewish messiah–Christian messiah distinction, among others—and shows how the problem dissolves when viewed from the revisionist angle advocated here. The book thus takes the form of a proof, by means of a series of related studies, that in antiquity the messiah was not an article of faith but a manner of speaking.
For more on the book, see here, here, and here.

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Rosh HaShanah and God's memory

PROF. MARK ZVI BRETTLER: Zichronot: Asking an Omniscient God to Remember (TheTorah.com).
Do we really want God to remember all that we did?
Spoiler: the answer is no.

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Review of Norelli and Cameron, Markion und der biblische Kanon

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: Enrico Norelli, Averil Cameron, Markion und der biblische Kanon; Christian literature and Christian History. Hans-Lietzmann-Vorlesungen, 11; 15. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2016. Pp. xiv, 53. ISBN 9783110374056. $28.00 (pb). Reviewed by Joshua Yoder, Bryn Mawr, PA (jyoder4@alumni.nd.edu).
The Hans-Lietzmann-Vorlesungen honor the man who succeeded Adolf von Harnack as Chair of New Testament, Church History and Christian Archaeology at the Humboldt-Universitӓt Berlin (1924) and as editor of the series “Griechische Christliche Schriftsteller” from 1930 until his death in 1942. This volume contains two of these lectures, given in 2009 and 2013 by Enrico Norelli of the University of Geneva and Averil Cameron, emerita of Oxford.

[...]
Past posts on a couple of other recent books on Marcion are here and here and links.

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Wednesday, September 20, 2017

Rosh HaShanah 2017

HAPPY NEW YEAR (ROSH HASHANAH - Jewish New Year 5778) to all those celebrating. The New Year begins tonight at sundown. For biblical and historical background, see the links here.

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Where did the Temple menorah go?

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Where Did the Temple Menorah Go? Did it go back to Jerusalem? (Marek Dospěl).
To commemorate this Roman triumph and to honor the victorious general (and later emperor), Titus, Emperor Domitian built an honorific monument—the Arch of Titus, which stands on the main processional street of ancient Rome (Via Sacra) to this day. The relief panels of the Arch of Titus in Rome chronicle the triumphal episodes following the fall of Jerusalem, capturing prominently the triumphal procession. One of the scenes confirms that the Temple Menorah was carried on litters in the parade that took place in the summer of 71 C.E. But what happened to the seven-branched candelabrum after that? The possibilities are explored in detail in the article “Did the Temple Menorah Come Back to Jerusalem?” in the September/October 2017 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review, where Fredric Brandfon unravels the Menorah’s intricate story.
The BAR article is behind the subscription wall, but this BHD piece gives some idea of what is in it.

As for the question, PaleoJudaica has been exploring answers for a long time. So far, none of them are particularly convincing. Start here and here and follow the links. And for the Arch of Titus, and for ancient menorahs and representations of menorahs in general, see here and follow the many links.

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DSS in Denver

EXHIBITION: Dead Sea Scrolls exhibition coming to Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Exhibit, which has traversed the world, opens in March (Kieran Nicholson, Denver Post).
The Dead Sea Scrolls, among the oldest known Biblical documents dating back over 2,000 years, and hundreds of artifacts from the Holy Land will be on display at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science early next year.

“The Dead Sea Scrolls” exhibition, which has been presented around the world, opens in Denver on March 16.

[...]
This exhibition has traveled around a lot. I lost track of it after it left Los Angeles in 2015 (see here and here and links). I don't know if it has shown elsewhere since then.

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Review of Rezakhani, ReOrienting the Sasanians

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: Rezakhani, ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity (Simcha Gross).
Khodadad Rezakhani. Reorienting the Sasanians: Eastern Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press, 2017.
Excerpt:
The book is divided into an introduction and nine relatively short and manageable chapters, along with a conclusion and brief epilogue. Rezakhani notes that this region has suffered from the confluence of a few trends. First, the Sasanian Empire has been conceptualized as a Western leaning Empire, mostly invested in Iraq and Khuzistan, less of a reflection of the actual history of the empire than the western-centrism of scholars. Second, as a result of the lack of Sasanian or more local contemporary historical or literary works concerning East Iran, the various barriers to accessing this material and the general disinterest in this area by related fields, most of the studies that have appeared are philologically focused, and do not attempt to provide a larger historical narrative of this region. Rezakhani therefore sets out to fill this desiderata by providing a narrative history of East Iran.

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Tuesday, September 19, 2017

A new Phoenician archive

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: The Phoenician Alphabet in Archaeology. What did the Phoenicians record with their innovative script? (Josephine Quinn). The essay begins with some basics about the Phoenician alphabet, but then goes on to report something more exciting:
Now, however, excavations at the inland city of Idalion on Cyprus by Dr. Maria Hadjicosti of the Department of Antiquities have finally brought to light a large archive of Phoenician texts, preserved because they were written not on perishable materials but on fragments of marble, stone, and pottery. These texts are now being studied in Nicosia by Professor Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo of the Sapienza University of Rome and Dr. José Ángel Zamora López of the Spanish National Research Agency, who have published their preliminary findings in Italian in the latest issue of the journal Semitica et Classica.
Read on for more on the contents of the archive. It consists of administrative texts and personal documents. There are no literary texts so far.

This is an exciting discovery, which is new to me. I look forward to hearing more about it.

Cross-file under Phoenician Watch and Epigraphy.

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Anti-Semitic use of the Talmud

THIS WEEK'S DAF YOMI COLUMN BY ADAM KIRSCH IN TABLET: The Anti-Semite Can Cite Talmud for His Purpose. Taken out of context, ancient Rabbinic laws—such as those on capital punishment discussed in this week’s ‘Daf Yomi’ study—can attract the attention of those who hate us.

Two comments on the discussion of the death penalty in b. Sanhedrin. First, as I have said repeatedly before, the ancients lived in a world whose casual cruelty and brutality is hard for us to imagine. Second, the Talmud's horrific discussions of the merits of various forms of execution are all theoretical and often purely exegetical. I don't doubt that such executions were common in the larger world, but Jewish courts did not have the authority to impose the death penalty in this period.

The use of the Talmud by anti-Semites has come up from time to time at PaleoJudaica. Often such works also make liberal use of fake Talmudic quotes from non-existent tractates. Some discussion is here and links.

Earlier Daf Yomi columns are noted here and links.

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Jenkins, The Crucible of Faith

NEW BOOK FROM BASIC BOOKS: Crucible of Faith: The Ancient Revolution That Made Our Modern Religious World by Philip Jenkins. It is released today.
In The Crucible of Faith, Philip Jenkins argues that much of the Judeo-Christian tradition we know today was born between 250-50 BCE, during a turbulent "Crucible Era." It was during these years that Judaism grappled with Hellenizing forces and produced new religious ideas that reflected and responded to their changing world. By the time of the fall of the Temple in 70 CE, concepts that might once have seemed bizarre became normalized-and thus passed on to Christianity and later Islam. Drawing widely on contemporary sources from outside the canonical Old and New Testaments, Jenkins reveals an era of political violence and social upheaval that ultimately gave birth to entirely new ideas about religion, the afterlife, Creation and the Fall, and the nature of God and Satan.
Professor Jenkins has some comments on it at the Anxious Bench Blog here and here.

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Frustration with the Museum of the Bible and eBay

ROBERTA MAZZA HAD A FRUSTRATING WEEK.

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Monday, September 18, 2017

More on the proposed application of ancient Jewish law to Israeli law

POLITICS AND LAW: ISRAELI PROPOSAL TO MAKE LEGAL JUDGMENTS FROM THE BIBLE STIRS CONTROVERSY. Knesset Constitution Committee chairman Nissan Slomiansky's proposal calls for courts to draw on “principles of Hebrew law” in instances that are not covered by existing law (Ben Lynfield, Jerusalem Post).
A two-pronged legislative initiative by Knesset Constitution Committee chairman Nissan Slomiansky to make “Hebrew law” a basis for court judgments is under fire from Arab MKs and the Association for Civil Rights in Israel, which warn that such a move could heighten discrimination against Arabs.

[...]
Related posts are here and here.

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Review of Harris (ed.), Popular Medicine in Graeco-Roman Antiquity: Explorations

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: W. V. Harris (ed.), Popular Medicine in Graeco-Roman Antiquity: Explorations. Columbia studies in the classical tradition, 42. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2016. Pp. xv, 319. ISBN 9789004325586. $138.00. Reviewed by Kai Brodersen, Universität Erfurt​ (kai.brodersen@uni-erfurt.de).
This collection combines a substantial introduction by the editor and twelve essays of varying length and depth by experts in ancient medicine who were invited to a conference in Columbia University in 2014. The book focuses on popular medicine which the editor defines as “those practices aimed at averting or remedying illness that are followed by people who do not claim expertise in learned medicine (Gk. iatrike) and do not surrender their entire physical health to professional physicians (Gk. iatroi).” The book argues that our knowledge about ancient healthcare is “severely unbalanced” as there are “large bodies of evidence that concern elite/learned/rationalistic medicine on the one hand and temple medicine on the other”, while “the evidence about popular medicine ... is scattered, refractory and elusive” (vii). The book aims to redress the balance, and certainly succeeds in making classicists and ancient historians more aware of the evidence, and the models used to interpret it, and thus to further our understanding of classical medicine in a wider sense.
Note in particular, Catherine Hezser: "Representations of the Physician in Jewish Literature from Hellenistic and Roman Times."

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More on the announced return of the Iraqi Jewish archive to Iraq

RESPONSES: 'Jewish documents should be given to Israel, not Iraq.' US government plans to return ancient Jewish documents to Iraq, Israeli forum asks they be transferred to Israel instead (Itamar Tzur, JTA via Arutz Sheva).
Rodriguez was asked how appropriate treatment of the archive will be ensured.

"When the IJA is returned, the State Department will urge the Iraqi government to take the proper steps necessary to preserve the archive, and to make it available to members of the public to enjoy," he said in the statement.

The archive is set to be exhibited at the Jewish Museum of Maryland Oct. 15-Jan. 15. The exhibit page says the items include a Hebrew Bible with commentaries from 1568, a Babylonian Talmud from 1793 and an 1815 version of the Zohar, a Jewish mystical text.

"At this point, we have no new information for you about additional venues," Miriam Kleiman, program director for public affairs at the National Archives, told JTA in an email on Friday.

Groups representing Jews from Iraq decried the return date.

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More on Kurshan, If All the Seas Were Ink

TALMUD WATCH: Bringing ‘Daf Yomi’ to Life. And Vice Versa. In her new memoir ‘If All the Seas Were Ink,’ Ilana Kurshan recounts her time in Israel—one page of Talmud at a time (Beth Kissileff, Tablet Magazine).
If All the Seas Were Ink started as a series of blog posts that Kurshan wrote about her studies, beginning with limericks on the text of the day. Kurshan has always learned by writing poems; in high school, she wrote poetry about math that was published in magazines for math teachers. “Things resonate in an uncanny way, in light of the Gemara,” she told me. For her, the pages of the Talmud “mark milestones in my kids’ lives,” she said. The first birthday of her twin daughters fell at the time she began writing the book, for instance. When one of her twins got teeth before her sister and would bite her repeatedly, Kurshan said, “I was in the midst of the Talmud’s discussion of the shor muad, the ox which is known to have gored at least three times, and which the rabbis of the Talmud invoke to refer to one of four general categories of damages.” This understated sense of humor, comparing a 1-year-old biter with a goring ox, is typical of Kurshan’s oeuvre.
I noted a review of the book here.

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Sunday, September 17, 2017

The afterlife of Deuteronomy's command to read the Torah in public

PROF. AARON DEMSKY: Historical Hakhel Ceremonies and the Origin of Public Torah Reading (TheTorah.com).
Deuteronomy’s mitzvah of publicly reading the Torah on Sukkot every seven years appears in various forms in stories about King Josiah, King Agrippa, and Ezra the Scribe. The latter’s innovative ceremony served as the model for what became synagogue Torah-reading.

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The whereabouts of the libraries of NT textual critics

THE ETC BLOG: Where are they now? New Testament text-critics’ libraries (Peter Gurry). In case you were wondering.

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Hurtado on the crucifixion gem

LARRY HURTADO: Gemstone Crucifixion Image: A Recent Study.
In a recent article, Roy Kotansky provides a fresh analysis of an ancient gemstone that that is regarded as giving one of the earliest visual depictions of the crucified Jesus: Roy Kotansky, “The Magic ‘Crucifixion Gem’ in the British Museum,” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 57.3 (2017): 631-59 (the article available here). (There is an online image of the gemstone in question here.)

[...]
(Note: the last link is not working, at least at the moment.) Professor Hurtado likes the article, but offers some corrections.

I have posted on the crucifixion gem here and (noting Dr. Kotansky's article) here.

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On reading Josephus in Greek

THE LOGOS ACADEMIC BLOG: How to read Josephus in Greek like a boss (Daniel Stevens). There's lots of good advice in this post.

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Saturday, September 16, 2017

Septuagint Studies Supervision (1)

WILLIAM ROSS: SUPERVISORS & PROGRAMS FOR SEPTUAGINT STUDIES – PART I. I am not a specialist in Septuagint studies but, like some on this list, I could (and would be happy to) supervise PhD students on related matters such as textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible.

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Women in 1 Cor 11:2-16

THE BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION:
Women and Worship in Paul’s Churches: Apostles, Prophets, and Teachers

I have now lost count of the number of times that I have read the work of a scholar on the topic of women in Paul’s churches who tells me that they find it easy or hard to ‘imagine’ a particular scenario in the early church and thus to reconstruct a scenario that seems to the writer to be the most ‘plausible’ based on the evidence before us. I imagine that they are assuming that I too will find these scenarios easy to ‘imagine’ as well, but this is not always the case.

See Also: Women and Worship at Corinth (Cascade Books, 2015).

By Lucy Peppiatt
Principal
Westminster Theological Centre
Past posts dealing with 1 Corinthians 11, coming at the subject from a somewhat different angle, are here and here.

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Hurtado on Kirk on memory and the Historical Jesus

LARRY HURTADO: Review/Critique of Ehrman, Bauckham and Bird on Memory and Jesus.
A newly-published article gives an incisive discussion of recent publications by Bart Ehrman, Richard Bauckham, and Michael Bird on memory, tradition and the historical Jesus: Alan Kirk, “Ehrman, Bauckham and Bird on Memory and the Jesus Tradition,” Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 15.1 (2017): 88-114.

[...]
A PaleoJudaica post that involves Richard Bauckham's Jesus and the Eyewitnesses is here.

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Dabir 04

BIBLIOGRAPHIA IRANICA: "Issue 04 of DABIR (Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review).Issue 04 of Dabir, an open access on-line journal for Iranian Studies, is out now. Dabir is published by the Jordan Center for Persian Studies."

As usual, there is nothing specific about ancient Judaism in this issue, but there are articles of background interest on matters such as Sogdian, Avestan, and the history of the Achamenid empire.

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Friday, September 15, 2017

ZOA opposes return of Iraqi Jewish Archive to Iraq

THE ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA: ZOA Opposes Tillerson Decision to “Return” Jewish Artifacts to Iraq. The Jewish Press publishes a statement by ZOA president Morton A. Klein.

Background here, with many links going back to the recovery of the archive in 2003.

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Cartagena's Punic festival

PUNIC WATCH: ROMANS AND CARTHAGINIAN, 15 – 24 September 2017 in Cartagena, Spain. The annual Punic festival in Cartagena begins today. Background and past posts on it are here and links. And more recent posts involving Cartagena and its Punic history are here and here.

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Berman on Inconsistency in the Torah

JOSHUA A. BERMAN IS INTERVIEWED by Shmuel Rosner in the Jewish Journal about Dr. Berman's recent book, Inconsistency in the Torah: Ancient Literary Convention and the Limits of Source Criticism (OUP, 2017). There are three posts:

The Inconsistency in the Torah exchange, part 1: How do we make sense of the Torah’s many contradictions?

The Inconsistency in the Torah exchange, part 2: Between biblical criticism and religious belief

The Inconsistency in the Torah exchange, part 3: ‘The Torah is a minefield of culturally dependent literary phenomena’

I recently noted an essay by Dr. Berman about his book here.

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Review of Kurshan, If All the Seas Were Ink

TALMUD WATCH: Memoir Provides Engaging Look at Talmudic Text (Marissa Stern, The Jewish Exponent).
If All the Seas Were Ink

Ilana Kurshan

$26.99, hardcover

St. Martin’s Press

Can you imagine what you’ll be doing seven-and-a- half years from now?

When Ilana Kurshan was coming off of a painful divorce, living in Jerusalem — she’d moved there from New York with her then-husband — a friend suggested she take up daf yomi, a practice in which you read one page of Babylonian Talmud a day.

[...]
PaleoJudaica and its readers have been following Adam Kirsch's column on the Daf Yomi cycle for the last five years.

UPDATE: Bad link fixed and attributions now filled in correctly. Sorry for the glitches.

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Thursday, September 14, 2017

The Historical Dictionary of the Hebrew Language

AT THE ACADEMY OF THE HEBREW LANGUAGE IN ISRAEL: Epic quest to document 'miracle' of Hebrew language (Mike Smith, AFP/PhysOrg). I noted the project here back in 2012.

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The Decline of Aramaic

ARAMAIC WATCH: Decline of a Lingua Franca (John McWhorter, The Atlantic, rprt. AINA).
If a Middle Eastern man from 2,500 years ago found himself on his home territory in 2015, he would be shocked by the modern innovations, and not just electricity, airplanes, and iPhones. Arabic as an official language in over two dozen countries would also seem as counterintuitive to him as if people had suddenly started keeping aardvarks as pets.

In our time-traveler's era, after all, Arabic was an also-ran tongue spoken by obscure nomads. The probability that he even spoke it would be low. There were countless other languages in the Middle East in his time that he'd be more likely to know. His idea of a "proper" language would have been Aramaic, which ruled what he knew as the world and served, between 600 and 200 B.C., as the lingua franca from Greece and Egypt, across Mesopotamia and Persia, all the way through to India. Yet today the language of Jesus Christ is hardly spoken anywhere, and indeed is likely to be extinct within the next century. Young people learn it ever less. Only about half a million people now speak Aramaic--compared to, for example, the five and a half million people who speak Albanian.

How does a language go from being so big to being on the verge of dying out entirely?

[...]

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On the cessation of miracles and women wearing trousers

PROF. ADMIEL KOSMAN: From Theology to Comedy: The Story of R. Adda bar Ahavah and Matun (TheGemara.com).
A talmudic discussion about why God no longer makes miracles ends with a surprising comedy of errors. What message is the Talmud trying to convey? And how is this story used in a 20th century halakhic responsum about women’s pants?

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Postdoc at HMML

ACADEMIC JOB: Post-Doctoral Fellow in Eastern Christian & Islamic Manuscript Cataloging (posted by David M. Calabro at the Hugoye List).
The Hill Museum & Manuscript Library (HMML) at Saint John's University invites applications for the full-time, benefit-eligible position of Post-Doctoral Fellow in Eastern Christian and Islamic Manuscript Cataloging. This position will provide vital support for HMML's efforts to catalog recently digitized Eastern Christian manuscripts. Under the guidance of the Lead Cataloger of Eastern Christian Manuscripts, the Cataloging Fellow will undertake original cataloging of digital surrogates at HMML as well as revision of existing cataloging.

This is a grant funded position through June 30, 2018.
The manuscripts are in Arabic, Garshuni (Arabic written in Syriac script), and possibly in Syriac. Follow the link for further particulars. There is no specific closing date, but don't dawdle.

For some background on HMML, see this post on an earlier postdoc there.

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Wednesday, September 13, 2017

Review of DesRosiers and Vuong (eds.), Religious Competition in the Greco-Roman World

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: Nathaniel DesRosiers, Lily C. Vuong (ed.), Religious Competition in the Greco-Roman World. Writings from the Greco-Roman world Supplement series, 10. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2016. Pp. xviii, 326. ISBN 9781628371369. $44.95 (pb). Reviewed by Allan T. Georgia, Shaker Heights, OH (allan.georgia@gmail.com)
Tracing the role that competition played in the religious cultures of the Greco-Roman world is an enormous task. In a second volume exploring this theme, Nathaniel P. DesRosiers and Lily C. Vuong have collected essays that make important inroads in how religious subjects (of various kinds) competed and were subject to contest in the late ancient Mediterranean world.1 The collection is organized around four broad themes, with short essays introducing each section that tie the essays together. The collection is impressive and wide-ranging, which is appropriate to its purpose. This volume collects essay from a range of religious traditions, times and places under a unifying focus on how these traditions reflect competition—a concept whose commonality belies its highly complex dimensionality.

[...]
Ancient Judaism receives at least a little attention in this volume.

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A legal analysis of the Golb-DSS impersonation case

SECOND CIRCUIT CRIMINAL LAW BLOG: Of Dead Sea Scrolls and Criminal Impersonation (Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP). Some might be interested in this detailed legal analysis of the Raphael Golb identity-theft case and its various appeals. The post concludes:
This decision is worth a read for those interested in a host of different subjects: the AEDPA, the constitutional limits of the New York forgery statute, and the controversy over the authorship of the Dead Sea Scrolls. From a legal perspective, the opinion of the Court may be most cited for its narrowing of the New York criminal forgery statute. As the Court noted, many people have used pseudonyms for legitimate purposes, and the Circuit’s decision makes clear that such use will not be punished with the criminal law. There must be more than intent to deceive; there must be intent to cheat, defraud, or deprive by deception. The absence of such intent in connection with some of the controversial emails at the heart of this appeal led to the reversal of certain counts of conviction.
Background here and many links.

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The backstory of the burials at Ofra

ARCHAEOLOGY, MEET POLITICS: A 2,000-year-old murder leads to an illicit burial in the heart of the West Bank. When archaeologists said 7 women and a youth found in caves were slain by Romans during the Great Revolt, settlers secretly stepped in to illegally pay their last respects (Amanda Borschel-Dan, Times of Israel).
It was a secret, illegal burial, planned and carried out by a Jewish Temple Mount activist who decades ago sat in jail for planning to blow up the Dome of the Rock. But the story of the seven women and one youth who were buried in the Jewish settlement of Ofra on February 6, 2017, is even more dramatic.

[...]
Background here and here.

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More on the emblem of the State of Israel

POLITICS AND ICONOGRAPHY: The National Emblem Of Israel (Saul Jay Singer, The Jewish Press). Last year I noted an article that also covered the ancient iconographic background of Israel's national emblem, with particular reference to the Arch of Titus. This article covers much of the same ground, but has an additional observation worth flagging:
Because the ultimate design does not seem to reflect religious practice or belief – no verses from the Torah, no reference to the God of Israel – many argue that the secularists/socialists prevailed over the religious/observant. In fact, however, the national emblem reflects one of the great mystical visions of the Prophet Zechariah, and the graphic combination of the menorah and olive branches has its genesis in Zechariah 4:1-3:
And the angel that spoke with me returned, and waked me, as a man that is wakened out of his sleep. And he said unto me: “What do you see?” And I said: “I have seen and, behold, a candlestick all of gold, with a bowl upon the top of it, and its seven lamps thereon; there are seven pipes, yes, seven, to the lamps, which are upon the top thereof, and two olive-trees by it, one upon the right side of the bowl, and the other upon the left side thereof.”
I don't know if that is right, but it sounds plausible.

For many past PaleoJudaica posts pertaining to the Arch of Titus, as well as to ancient menorahs and representations of menorahs, start here and follow the links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, September 12, 2017

The Talmud on capital punishment

THIS WEEK'S DAF YOMI COLUMN BY ADAM KIRSCH IN TABLET: On Capital Punishment. Talmudic rabbis pondered the most fundamental ethical questions—including the value of human life—in debating death sentences by hanging or stoning.
Over the last month, as this column has been on hiatus, Daf Yomi readers have explored some of the most dramatic and challenging material in the Talmud so far. That is because Chapters Four, Five, and Six of Tractate Sanhedrin focus on the most extreme punishment of which any legal system is capable: the death penalty. In setting out the justification, methods, and limits of capital punishment in Jewish law, the Rabbis find themselves facing some of the most fundamental ethical questions. What is a human life worth? What are our responsibilities to one another? Is it ever right to take satisfaction in the death of a fellow human being?
[...]
As Mr. Kirsch notes in the essay, the rabbinic discussions of capital punishment are entirely theoretical. Rabbinic courts did not have the authority to impose the death penalty.

Philologos has a recent essay on the saying "Whoever Saves a Life Saves the World," which I noted here. The phrase "from Israel" may be a secondary addition.

Earlier Daf Yomi columns are noted here and links.

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The Iraqi Jewish archive is set to go back to Iraq in 2018

STATE DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCEMENT: U.S to Return Jewish Artifacts to Iraq, Despite Protests. The trove includes books, religious texts, photographs and personal documents looted during Saddam Hussein's regime, and then found by U.S. troops in 2003. (JTA via Haaretz).
A trove of Iraqi Jewish artifacts that lawmakers and Jewish groups have lobbied to keep in the U.S. will be returned to Iraq next year, a State Department official said.

A four-year extension to keep the Iraqi Jewish Archive in the U.S. is set to expire in September 2018, as is funding for maintaining and transporting the items. The materials will then be sent back to Iraq, spokesman Pablo Rodriguez said in a statement sent to JTA on Thursday.

Rodriguez said the State Department “is keenly aware of the interest in the status” of the archive.

[...]
As the headline indicates, response to the decision has been mixed, but generally not very positive. I have expressed my own thoughts on the matter here and here and I have nothing to add.

We'll see what actually happens. It isn't over until it's over.

Further background on the story is here with links going back to the recovery of the archive in 2003.

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The twelfth curse

RABBI UZI WEINGARTEN: “Cursed Is One Who Does Not Uphold the Words of This Torah”? (TheTorah.com).
The anomalous and paradoxical nature of the twelfth curse (Deuteronomy 27:26).
Rabbinic exegetes found the curse difficult, but the Apostle Paul put it to use for his own purposes.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Review of Hanan Eshel's collected essays

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: Reading the Scrolls and Experiencing Qumran Archaeology with Hanan Eshel (Joshua Matson).
Hanan Eshel, Exploring the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeology and Literature of the Qumran Caves, edited by Barnea Selavan and Shani Tzoref. Journal of Ancient Judaism. Supplements, 18. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2015.
The long, informative review concludes:
The volume itself is a testament to the legacy of Hanan Eshel in the field of Qumran studies and the history of the Qumran caves. Additionally, this volume serves as a gift from his closest friends and partners in scholarship to the world as a lens through which to view the history of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, September 11, 2017

A refugee camp on Masada?

ARCHAEOLOGY: EXCLUSIVE: New Archaeology Shows ‘Refugee Camp,’ Not Just Rebels, Atop Masada (Ilan Ben Zion, The Forward).
Tour guides leading thousands of visitors to Masada each year follow a similar routine: Where Roman troops breached the walls, they retell Josephus Flavius’s account of how a group of obsessive, fanatical Jewish rebels refused to concede to servitude or slaughter, and committed suicide instead.

For decades, archaeology at the site has been calling the story of the suicide, so central to Israel’s national myth, into question. Now new discoveries may force a revision of the notion that the group atop the fort was much more diverse than the heroic band of brigands celebrated by the cherished story.

“We’re actually excavating a refugee camp,” said Guy Stiebel, the archaeologist leading excavations carried out earlier this year by Tel Aviv University. Masada’s inhabitants during the seven years of the revolt were “a sort of microcosm of Judaea back then,” comprised of refugees from Jerusalem and across Judaea, including priests, members of the enigmatic monastic group from Qumran that wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls, and at least one Samaritan.

[...]

Cutting edge archaeological techniques helped glean a more detailed picture of the past that would have been impossible during Yadin’s time. The picture emerging from these new data about Masada’s inhabitants is far more complex than previously assumed.

“It’s not one monolithic group,” Stiebel explained, describing the people living at Masada before its fall “very vibrant community of 50 shades of grey” of Judea.

“We have the opportunity to truly see the people, and this is very rare for an archaeologist,” he said. Among them are women and children, who are too often underrepresented in the archaeological record. Through archaeology, the study of the material culture found on Masada, architecture and a restudying of Josephus, he and his team can even pick out where different groups originated from before coming to Masada.

[...]
It sounds plausible that a range of refugees could have ended up seeking safety at Masada during and after the Great Revolt. The new and interesting thing about the current excavation is the use of sophisticated technology to squeeze vastly more information out of the material remains than was posssible in Yadin's day.

We will have to wait for the peer-review publications to find out exactly what the excavators have learned. It remains to be seen how much the new information will make us reconsider Josephus's account of the fall of Masada. It certainly was not without problems already.

The article also reports that some new Hebrew ostraca have been recovered.

For past posts on the history and archaeology of, and revisionist views on, Masada, start here and here and follow the links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Review of Lied and Lundhaug (eds.), Snapshots of Evolving Traditions

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: Liv Ingeborg Lied, Hugo Lundhaug (ed.), Snapshots of Evolving Traditions: Jewish and Christian Manuscript Culture, Textual Fluidity, and New Philology. Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 175. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. Pp. xviii, 366. ISBN 9783110344189. $137.99. Reviewed by Pieter W. van der Horst, Utrecht University (pwvdh@xs4all.nl).
The 13 essays in this volume aim to provide “a broad introductory exploration of the applicability of the perspective of New Philology to late-antique Christian and Jewish texts in their manuscript contexts” (vii). In the introductory chapter the editors clarify the idea of ‘New Philology’ by arguing that when scholars of early Christian and Jewish literature acknowledge the fact that our surviving textual witnesses constitute in fact only snapshots of a movie about a developing textual tradition and that such snapshots are not necessarily representative of the entire movie, “it is pertinent to approach the interpretation of these texts from a perspective inspired by New Philology, taking textual fluidity and manuscript culture fully into consideration” (1). This is meant as a corrective to the traditional approach in which manuscripts are used only, or mainly, in the service of the reconstruction of an Urtext and in which variant readings are regarded as ‘deviations’ from it. Manuscripts are rather testimonies to the ‘life’ of a text, and in most modern critical editions of ancient literature the text presented is usually “foreign to the pool of existing manuscripts and the texts presented there” (3). The ‘unruliness’ displayed by actual manuscripts is thus made invisible, much to the detriment of scholarship. Fluidity of the texts should not be regarded as textual ‘corruption’ because ‘living’ texts were altered in the course of transmission to suit new times and needs. By hiding variants in a critical apparatus one also hides the fact that in a manuscript culture texts are constantly in a process of change. “As an alternative way of dealing with medieval manuscript variance New Philology pinpoints the fact that a literary work does not exist independently of its material embodiment, and that this physical form is part of the meaning of the text” (6). A ‘finished’ text is an illusion, for the changes introduced to the text during its transmission are not corruptions but should be studied as important aspects of the life of the text.

[...]
I was pleased to see that the reviewer liked my essay on the Hekhalot literature, the last one in the volume.

Past posts on the book are here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Exhausting guide to post-2002 DSS-like fragments

THE LYING PEN OF SCRIBES BLOG: Post-2002 Dead Sea Scrolls-like Fragments Online: A (Really Exhausting) Guide for the Perplexed (Årstein Justnes and Ludvik A. Kjeldsberg). Many PaleoJudaica posts are included.

HT the AWOL Blog. For more on the new Dead Sea Scrolls-like fragments, start here and follow the links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Arch of Titus exhibition at YU

YESHIVA UNIVERSITY: The Arch of Titus – from Jerusalem to Rome, and Back.September 14, 2017 - January 14, 2018. Popper Gallery. Presented in partnership with the Yeshiva University Center for Israel Studies .
The Arch of Titus has undergone many physical changes over the course of its long history. Featured in the exhibition is a life-size carved replica of the existing Spoils of Jerusalem relief panel from the interior passageway of the Arch, based on three-dimensional and polychrome scanning conducted under the direction of Yeshiva University’s Arch of Titus Project in 2012. (The replica and projected reconstruction have been developed and produced by VIZIN: The Institute for the Visualization of History together with Neathawk Designs, of Williamstown, MA.)

Stretching from the Roman era to the present, The Arch of Titus – from Jerusalem to Rome, and Back explores the image and symbolism of the Arch from various vantage points – from emperors and popes to Jews and Christians, who re-interpreted the meaning of the Arch in modern times. Rare artifacts from collections in Italy, Israel and the United States illuminate the monument’s vibrant history, as the Arch itself went from monumentalizing victory to falling into ruination and, eventually, to being restored in the modern era.

An international conference presented in partnership with the Yeshiva University Center for Israel Studies will take place on October 29, 2017.
HT the Bible Places Blog. For more on the research behind this exhibition, see here and links.

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Sunday, September 10, 2017

Externally verified persons in the NT

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: New Testament Political Figures: The Evidence. A web-exclusive supplement to Lawrence Mykytiuk's BAR article identifying real New Testament political figures. There are 23 externally verified political figures on this list, to go with Dr. Mykytiuk's 53 epigraphically verified persons in the Hebrew Bible.

You need a paid subscription to read the BAR article, but this supplement is quite thorough.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Christian Apocrypha at SBL

APOCRYPHICITY BLOG: Christian Apocrypha at SBL 2017. Tony Burke gives us a preview.

Cross-file under New Testament Apocrypha Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

John the Baptist and Luke-Acts

THE BIBLE PLACES BLOG: Luke & Acts (8): John the Baptist (Michael J. Caba). This continues the series that was formerly called "Historical Reliability of Luke-Acts."

Past PaleoJudaica posts on Machaerus are here and links. For a skeptical response to the claim that the bones of John the Baptist are in Bulgaria, see here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Jechoniah’s uncle

ETC BLOG: Jechoniah’s Uncle and the Text of 2 Chron 36.10 (Peter Gurry). The discussion continues in the comments. I agree with John Meade that "brother," the more difficult reading of the Masoretic Text, is the more original reading.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.