Tuesday, April 22, 2025

Permanent Hebrew Bible Lectureship at KCL

THE TIMES HIGHER:
Lecturer in Hebrew Bible

Employer
KINGS COLLEGE LONDON

Location
London (Greater) (GB)

Salary
£44,105 - £51,485 per annum, including London Weighting Allowance

Closing date
27 Apr 2025

... The Department of Theology and Religious Studies at King’s College London is seeking to appoint a permanent Lecturer in Hebrew Bible.

You will contribute to a department that has a long and distinguished tradition of contribution to Biblical and Jewish Studies and that is known for, among other things, its excellence in the integrated study of Theology, Religious Studies and the Arts. ...

Follow the link for further particulars and application information.

This just came up in my searches. The closing date is soon. Don't dilly-dally.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Nancy Lapp (1930–2025)

SAD NEWS FROM BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Milestones: Nancy Lapp (1930–2025). Pioneering biblical archaeologist (Morag Kersel and Meredith Chesson).
On March 3, 2025, we lost an understated and under-recognized giant in the field of biblical archaeology. Nancy Lapp (née Renn) was steadfast in her dedication to her family, to her scholarship, and to making the world a better place through her social justice efforts. ...
Requiescat in pace.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, April 21, 2025

First review of MOTP2

READING ACTS: James R. Davila and Richard Bauckham, eds. Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 2: More Noncanonical Scriptures (Phil Long).
Davila, James R. and Richard Bauckham, eds. Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 2: More Noncanonical Scriptures. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2025. ix+694 pp. Hb; $89.99. Link to Eerdmans

Eerdmans published volume one of Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures (MOTP) in 2013. After a twelve-year wait, volume two of this important expansion of the original Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (1983, edited by James Charlesworth) adds another twenty-three texts to the collection. This valuable collection expands scholarship’s database of Jewish and Christian texts beyond the canonical Hebrew Bible and the Apocrypha to shed light on the history and culture of the Second Temple period.

[...]

This volume isn't officially published until Wednesday Thursday, but it looks like Phil got an advance review copy. If you have ordered a copy, it should ship to you very soon.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Syriac text-excerpting and the Talmud?

SYRIAC WATCH MEETS TALMUD WATCH: Could AI solve the enigmas of ancient Talmud-like Christian manuscripts in Aramaic? An Israeli researcher uses computational technology to showcase that the scribes compiling Syriac texts made active editorial choices, similar to the redactors of Jewish Gemara (Rossella Tercatin, Times of Israel).
For nearly 2,000 years, Near East Christian communities have used Syriac, an Aramaic dialect, as their liturgical and cultural language. Over the centuries, they produced an extensive corpus of manuscripts that included passages from biblical texts, philosophical treatises, classical literature and theological commentaries, whose purpose often remains obscure to modern scholars.

Now, an Israeli researcher has harnessed computational technology to showcase how the scribes compiling the documents made active editorial choices, shaping the knowledge for future generations and serving a role comparable to that of the redactors of another foundational Aramaic work from Late Antiquity: the Jewish Talmud.

[...]

I have mentioned this research before here. But this article runs with the creative angle, in conversation with the researcher, of noting parallels in the Syriac material to the Talmud. Worth a read.

The caveats about AI in my earlier post still apply. There is no comprehensive catalogue of either Talmud comparable to Wright's catalogue of the Syriac material, so there is a long way to go before this computational technology can be applied to the Talmud(s).

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Jesus' crucifixion and a lunar eclipse?

BELATEDLY EASTER/GOOD FRIDAY-RELATED: Lunar eclipse over Jerusalem may mark date of Jesus's crucifixion, NASA reports. some believe that the new data from NASA, paired with Biblical text, could pinpoint the day Jesus was crucified (Jerusalem Post Staff).

This is an old idea. I commented on it in one of my earliest blog posts. I was going to ignore this one, but when I saw how dreadful this article is, I thought I'd better comment on it.

The suggestion, which has been around for a very long time, is that the reported period of afternoon "darkness over the whole land" (or "earth") on the day of the crucifixion of Jesus (Mark 15:33 par. Matthew 27:45 and Luke 23:44-45) was due to a lunar eclipse of the sun. The third-century church father Julius Africanus argued that the lunar celestial configuration at Passover made this impossible. Briefly, if the moon is full, the sun is shining full on it from the perspective of the earth, which means the moon is on the opposite side of the earth from the sun. It is not in a position to occlude the sun.

Be that as it may, the Jerusalem post article consists largely of misconceptions.

NASA scientists believe that a lunar eclipse occurred during the crucifixion of Jesus, based on data from its astronomical models.

An article from the space agency noted that the Christian Bible wrote that the moon turned to blood in the skies over Jerusalem after Jesus's crucifixion.

“From noon until three in the afternoon darkness came over all the land,” reads one iteration of Matthew 27:45.

The NASA article Eclipses: History does say that "Christian texts" (not "the Christian Bible") say that the moon turned to blood:
Eclipses also appear in religious texts. Christian texts mention that the Moon turned to blood after Jesus’s crucifixion – potentially referring to a lunar eclipse, during which the Moon takes on a reddish hue. Using this textual source, scholars narrowed down a possible date of crucifixion to Friday, April 3, 33 C.E. because a lunar eclipse occurred that day.
The passage in Matthew, quoted in the JP article, says nothing about the moon, only that there was darkness over the whole land.

Matthew's text is "one iteration" of the story, which also appears in Mark and Luke, as noted above. None of them mention the moon. The Gospel of John doesn't mention the darkness at all.

But there's more evidence, right? The JP continues:

Additionally, early Christian texts prophesied that on the day of Jesus's crucifixion, the sky would look eerie.

In a gathering 50 days before Jesus's death, the apostle Peter predicts in Acts 2:20: “The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the coming of the great and glorious day of the Lord.”

Peter's reported speech took place on Pentecost (Shavuot), 50 days after the crucifixion. He is speaking about the end times.

But there's still more:

Supposed eyewitness events of the situation also note that the skies looked strange after Jesus died on the cross.

“At his crucifixion the sun was darkened; the stars appeared and in all the world people lighted lamps from the sixth hour till evening; the moon appeared like blood,” notes Pontius Pilate's report of Jesus's crucifixion.

This is not exactly wrong, but it's reproachably misleading. This "supposed eyewitness" account is from the Anaphora Pilati, a late work from the Pilate apocrypha cycle. J. K. Elliot thinks it is an expansion of the Letter of Pilate to Claudius, which he dates to the end of the second century. You can read it here. This account is a "Christian text," but it has zero eyewitness (or even living memory) value.

I have no view on the proposed date of the crucifixion. Most specialists seem to think that it was in 30, not 33, but we just don't know.

Enough. I didn't mean to spend so much time on this.

The darkness in Matthew's Gospel is a miraculous event, like the "walking dead" episode and, probably, the earthquake, both in the same passage. John doesn't refer to it and none of the other Gospels mention the other two. No need to look for naturalistic explanations, although one is possible for the last one.

Jerusalem Post, what happened? There is potentially a story here, but the treatment in this article is just careless.

I want to blame it on AI generated content, but the article doesn't give any indication of that. If it was actually produced by "Jerusalem Post Staff," the JP, which is usually good at articles about archaeology and history, should stop using them for those purposes and stick to named authors who know what they are talking about.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Sunday, April 20, 2025

Easter 2025

HAPPY EASTER to all those celebrating.

The Easter post for 2023 is here with links. And a few loosely Easter-related posts from 2023-24 are here, here, and here.

My 2016 Easter post contains links leading to biblical and related passages concerning Easter and to correct information on the origin of the word. And this post gives biblical references for the Passion narrative.

I don't see any current stories of interest, but you can review some past Easter-related posts starting with the 2023 post and following the links back.

UPDATE (21 April): More here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Unruly Books (T&T Clark)

NEW BOOK FROM BLOOMSBURY/T&T CLARK:
Unruly Books

Rethinking Ancient and Academic Imaginations of Religious Texts

Esther Brownsmith (Anthology Editor) , Liv Ingeborg Lied (Anthology Editor) , Marianne Bjelland Kartzow (Anthology Editor)

Hardback
£110.00 £99.00

Ebook (PDF)
£99.00 £79.20

Ebook (Epub & Mobi)
£99.00 £79.20

Product details

Published 23 Jan 2025
Format Hardback
Edition 1st
Extent 288
ISBN 9780567715685
Imprint T&T Clark
Dimensions 234 x 156 mm
Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing

Description

This volume explores the idea of the unruly book, from books now known by their titles alone to books that subverted structures of power and gender. The contributors show how these books functioned as “sticky” objects, and they examine the story of what such books signified to the people who wrote, read, discussed, yearned for, or even prohibited them. The books examined are those of the first millennium of the Common Era, and the writings of Judaism, Christianity, Islam and related traditions. In particular, the contributors examine the bounty of books within this period that are hard to pin down, whether extant, lost, or imagined-books that challenge modern scholars to reconceptualize our notions of books (biblical or otherwise), religion, manuscript culture, and intellectual history. Through the critical analyses presented in this volume, the contributors negotiate the diverse stories told by unruly books and show that by listening to the stories that books tell, we learn more about the worlds that imagined and discussed them.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Saturday, April 19, 2025

Dochhorn (ed.), Parabiblica Aethiopica (Mohr Siebeck)

NEW BOOK FROM MOHR SIEBECK:
Parabiblica Aethiopica

Editiones et Studia
Edited by Jan Dochhorn

[Parabiblica Aethiopica. Editiones et Studia.]
2025. IX, 211 pages.
Parabiblica (PBib) 4
Published in German.

€119.00
including VAT

cloth
available
978-3-16-164189-3

Also Available As:
eBook PDF
€119.00

Summary

This volume deals with Ethiopian apocryphal/parabiblical literature. It consists of three editions and two studies. The edited texts are the Ethiopian version of the Historia de Melchisedech (ed. Jan Dochhorn), the Ethiopian version of the Revelatio Stephani (ed. Damien Labadie), and an Apocryphon about the binding of Isaac (ed. Ted Erho). The studies are devoted to the Ethiopian version of the Apocalypse of Peter (Mathew Goff) and the Andǝmta Tradition to 1 Enoch (Ralph Lee).

Cross-file under Ethiopic Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, April 18, 2025

More on that Iron-Age dye factory at Shiqmona

PHOENICIAN WATCH, IN ISRAEL: Made from snails and fit for kings: First biblical-era dye factory found on Israel’s coast. Ancient Tel Shiqmona site yields first evidence of large-scale purple dye production centuries before Roman times, possibly supplying First Temple in Jerusalem (Rosella Tercatin, Times of Israel).
As a result, the researchers found evidence connected to the production of the purple dye dating as early as 1,100 BCE and throughout the 6th century BCE. These are exactly the years in which many of the narratives included in the Bible are said to have taken place. In 586 BCE, for example, the Babylonian conquest completely destroyed the regional economy and Jerusalem’s First Temple.

“In the past, the assumption was that the first large-scale production facilities of purple dye were only established in Roman times, around the 1st century CE,” another author, Prof. Ayelet Gilboa from the University of Haifa, told The Times of Israel over the phone. “Tel Shiqmona offers evidence that already in the 9th century BCE, purple dye was produced at an industrial scale. It was not just one individual dyeing a garment for a king.”

The underlying article has just been published in PLOS ONE, open access. It takes into account information from the most recent excavations at Shiqmona.
Tel Shiqmona during the Iron Age: A first glimpse into an ancient Mediterranean purple dye ‘factory’

Golan Shalvi , Naama Sukenik, Paula Waiman-Barak, Zachary C. Dunseth, Shay Bar, Sonia Pinsky, David Iluz, Zohar Amar, Ayelet Gilboa
Published: April 16, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0321082

Abstract

Purple-dyed textiles, primarily woolen, were much sought after in the Ancient Near East and the Mediterranean, and they adorned the powerful and wealthy. It is commonly assumed that in antiquity, purple dye—extracted from specific species of marine mollusks—was produced in large quantities and in many places around the Mediterranean. But despite numerous archaeological excavations, direct and unequivocal evidence for locales of purple-dye production remains very limited in scope. Here we present Tel Shiqmona, a small archaeological tell on Israel’s Carmel coast. It is the only site in the Near East or around the Mediterranean—indeed, in the entire world—where a sequence of purple-dye workshops has been excavated and which has clear evidence for large-scale, sustained manufacture of purple dye and dyeing in a specialized facility for half a millennium, during the Iron Age (ca. 1100–600 BCE). The number and diversity of artifacts related to purple dye manufacturing are unparalleled. The paper focuses on the various types of evidence related to purple dye production in their environmental and archaeological contexts. We utilize chemical, mineralogical and contextual analyses to connect several categories of finds, providing for the first time direct evidence of the instruments used in the purple-dye production process in the Iron Age Levant. The artifacts from Shiqmona also serve as a first benchmark for future identification of significant purple-dye production sites around the Mediterranean, especially in the Iron Age.

I have noted previous reports on the Phoenician dye factory at Shiqmona (Shikmona) here and here. Follow the links at the latter (cf. here) for PaleoJudaica posts involving Tyrian purple dye and the Israelite telekhet dye, both made from the murex snail. For more on the early-tenth-century BCE dyed textile fragments excavated in the Timna Valley (and their implications), see here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

On the Rephaim

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: The Riddle of the Rephaim. Exploring the mysterious demigods of the Bible (Jonathan Yogev).
The identification of the beings known as “Rephaim” in biblical and ancient Near Eastern sources has caused much bewilderment throughout the years. Biblical dictionaries and encyclopedias usually provide two main meanings for the word: (1) ghosts or shades of the dead, and (2) a mythical and ancient race of giants. These meanings are mostly derived from the mentions of the Rephaim in the Bible.

[...]

This is a good brief survey of what we know about the ancient Rephaim. I noted Dr. Yogev's 2021 book on them here. I have also posted on them myself now and then, recently here, and here. Also relevant: here. And for posts on the biblical giant Og, perhaps the best-known of the Rephaim, see here and links, notably here, here, and here.

This BHD essay is timely, since I will soon have something new for you about the giants, including the Rephaim. Watch this space!

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Guggenheim Fellowship for Annette Yoshiko Reed

THE HARVARD GAZETTE: Three affiliates named 2025 Guggenheim Fellows.
Three Harvard affiliates were awarded Guggenheim Fellowships this week, winning support for groundbreaking work in sociology, Jewish studies, and sculpture.
Congratulations to all three recipients, but especially to:
Annette Yoshiko Reed, M.T.S. ’99, Krister Stendahl Professor of Divinity and professor of New Testament and early Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, will use the fellowship to complete a book exploring the cultural power of forgetting within Judaism, as well as a related project on Christian erasures of Jews and Judaism as epistemicide. This research will contribute to the theorization of forgetting in memory studies and Jewish studies by exploring the loss of the ancient Jewish literary heritage that was recovered during the mid-20th century with the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Professor Reed's work has been noted often at PaleoJudaica.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Thursday, April 17, 2025

Is Mark a Jewish or Gentile work?

THE BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION:
What if the Earliest Extant Gospel Promotes a Form of Judaism

Add new comment

The reading that the Gospel of Mark’s vision of ideal practice, belief, and expectation is a form of Judaism, rather than something else, is able to better explain the full narrative of the Gospel and is fully comprehensible within the context of the first-century ancient mediterranean world.

See also The Gospel of Mark’s Judaism and the Death of Christ as Ransom for Many (Mohr Siebeck, 2025).

By John Van Maaren
University of Vienna
April 2025

I noted the publication of the book here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Webinar on Cleopatra and Zenobia in the Talmuds

ZOOM EVENT: CAMS lecture: Cate Bonesho, “The Rabbis' Queens: Cleopatra and Zenobia in Talmudic Literature”
Date & Time: Apr 18, 2025 09:00 PM in [London, but you can reset to your time zone]

Description: Join the Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies department at Penn State for the final lecture in the 2024/25 series “Connected Histories of the Ancient Mediterranean and Near East.”

Catherine Bonesho (UCLA) will deliver a talk entitled:

“The Rabbis' Queens: Cleopatra and Zenobia in Talmudic Literature”

Abstract:
The famous Egyptian queen Cleopatra and the Palmyrene queen Zenobia each ruled at and within the intersections of the ancient Near East and the Mediterranean. Polemical Roman sources like those of Cassius Dio and the Historia Augusta have loomed large in scholarship and in the public perception of the queens; however, they do not represent the only kinds of sources and approaches to the queens. Indeed, my analysis will focus on the handful of references to Zenobia and Cleopatra in the classical rabbinic texts of the Palestinian and Babylonian Talmuds and will emphasize the need of a large scope study that contextualizes the rabbinic passages in the rich afterlives of Cleopatra in the late antique world. Using the Palmyrene queen Zenobia as an exemplar, I show how those living under and responding to Roman rule in the third century CE and later appropriated Cleopatra and her persona. Similarly, the rabbis of the Babylonian Talmud use Cleopatra’s portrait toward a variety of goals. First, they tell stories of Cleopatra’s knowledge of embryology and the human body to support certain rabbinic concepts, including resurrection and menstrual impurity. Second, they elevate and include the rabbis themselves in the famous struggle of Cleopatra versus Rome, East versus West, with the goal of further authorizing the rabbinic project itself.

Free, but requires registration at the link.

Cross-file under Talmud Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Summer School of Oriental Language

BIBLIOGRAPHIA IRANICA: Summer School of Oriental Languages.

An ambitious 10-day summer school program sponsored by Lausanne University and held in Venice this July. Taught in French. You pick your major and minor ancient language to study. You will struggle to come up with one that isn't covered. Follow the link for full details.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Prof. Meir Lubetski (1938-2025)

SAD NEWS FROM H-JUDAIC: The passing of Prof. Meir Lubetski (1938-2025).
H-Judaic is saddened to learn of the passing of Prof. Meir Lubetski (1938-2025), longtime professor of Literature and Languages at Baruch College, City University, New York.

Raised in Israel, Prof. Lubetski pursued his Ph.D. at New York University with Cyrus Gordon and spent his entire career at Baruch, where he focused on Biblical and Rabbinic Literature, Hebrew Language and Literature, Yiddish Language and Literature, and Ancient Near Eastern Languages and Literatures.

[...]

May his memory be for a blessing.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, April 16, 2025

Where does the Bible say to celebrate Passover? It's complicated.

FOR PASSOVER: Pesach in Egypt ⇄ Pesach in Jerusalem (Dr. Hillel Mali, TheTorah.com).
Exodus instructs each family in Egypt to slaughter a paschal lamb and eat it at home, while Deuteronomy commands a community ritual, to take place at the central worship location, i.e., the Jerusalem Temple. These two conceptions cross-pollinate, first in the Torah and then in its early reception: Jubilees requires everyone to eat in the Temple as their home; the Mishnah requires everyone to slaughter together in three cohorts; most surprisingly, R. Eliezer claims that, in theory, all of Israel can share one paschal animal.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

van der Toorn, Israelite Religion (Yale)

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: Publication Preview | Writing a History of Israelite Religion (Karel van der Toorn).
In his classic study Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (rev. ed. 1977), A. Leo Oppenheim gave the section on religion the provocative title “Why a Mesopotamian Religion Should Not Be Written.” The reasons he adduced were of two orders. First, “the nature of the available evidence,” and second, “the problem of comprehension across the barriers of conceptual conditioning.” The same problems beset the study of Israelite religion. The nature of these difficulties is not such, however, as to render the entire venture completely impossible. On the contrary, the challenges of problematic and fragmentary evidence, on the one hand, and of the culture gap between them and us, on the other, are a stimulus to try and overcome them. ...
I haven't seen the book, but this introductory statement is excellent.

Although the above is a "publication preview," according to the Yale University Press website it was published yesterday:

Israelite Religion
From Tribal Beginnings to Scribal Legacy

by Karel van der Toorn

Series: The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library

432 Pages, 6.12 x 9.25 in, 40 b-w illus.

Hardcover
9780300248111
Published: Tuesday, 15 Apr 2025
$40.00

eBook
9780300281620
Published: Tuesday, 15 Apr 2025
$40.00

Description

A panoramic, thousand-year history of Israelite religion, from the Iron Age to the birth of Judaism, by a renowned biblical scholar

From its Iron Age beginnings to its aftermath in the Roman period, Israelite religion went through significant changes and transformations. As the Israelites responded to major historical events and political realities, their collective beliefs and practices evolved over time and developed new forms, even as earlier elements of religious culture remained an active substratum.

Weaving together biblical literature, archaeology, and comparative sources, award-winning author Karel van der Toorn tells the sweeping story of how Israelite religion evolved from a tribal cult honoring the ancestors and the “god of the fathers” to a scriptural religion practiced by an ethnic minority within the Roman Empire. He demonstrates how religion was integral to nation-building as Israel transitioned from a nomadic chiefdom to a monarchical state; how religious practices changed in response to the loss of political independence; and how in the final centuries before the Common Era, as Hellenistic culture permeated the Eastern Mediterranean, Israelite religion gave rise to a variety of reading communities committed to a body of sacred scripture, with the law of Moses at its core.

Combining literary studies, anthropology, linguistics, history, and more, this book tells the fascinating story of Israelite religion as it has never been told before.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

John Van Seters (1935-2025)

INDEED: Terribly Sad News: John van Seters has Died (Jim West, Zwinglius Redivivus).
His daughter shared the very sad news about the passing of her father, Jack Sasson’s esteemed colleague, John Van Seters, just short of his 90th birthday.
Jim and Jack Sasson on the Agade list have shared the daughter's message.

Known best for his revisionist approach to Pentateuchal research, Professor Van Seters was an influential contributor to biblical studies, especially in the latter part of the twentieth century. For more details, see his Wikipedia page here.

Reqiescat in pace.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, April 15, 2025

On ancient synagogue iconography

DECORATIVE ART: Elephant in the synagogue: Iconography in thriving post-Temple community raises questions. How can these discoveries be reconciled with the widespread view that the post-Temple remnant of Jews in the Holy Land was insignificant and subject to oppression by the Romans? (JACOB SIVAK, Jerusalem Post).
... What does this brief survey of figural synagogue art tell us? Foremost, and especially important today in the context of widespread efforts to detach the Jewish story from its indigenous connection to the Land of Israel, is the fact that the Jewish people continued to inhabit and prosper in the Holy Land for hundreds of years after the destruction of the Temple, even in the midst of a Christianized Roman Empire. In addition, there is the realization that Judaism has survived over the centuries because of its ability to balance Jewish particularism with the pressures of external cultures and religions.
It is a good survey - of ancient synagogue art in the Land of Israel and the Diaspora, with some attention to some early modern Eastern European traditions too.

For the remarkable discoveries at Huqoq, not least those synagogues and their mosaics, see here and follow the many links. For many PaleoJudaica posts on other ancient synagogues in Israel, see here and links. For the question of pagan imagery in late-antique synagogues, see here and links. For many posts on the Dura-Europos synagogue and its decorative art, see here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Text excerpts in Syriac manuscripts

SYRIAC WATCH: What Syriac scribes chose to keep: A digital dive into 1,000 manuscripts (Hebrew University press release at Phys.Org).
A new study uses digital tools to analyze nearly 1,000 Syriac manuscripts from the British Library, focusing on how scribes and editors selected and rearranged parts of texts—a practice known as excerpting. Researcher Noam Maeir introduces a new measurement called Excerpts Per Manuscript (EPM) to track how often this happened. This approach reveals that the people who copied and compiled these manuscripts were not just preserving texts—they were actively shaping what future generations would read and remember.

[...]

Manuscripts were expensive to copy! Sometimes scribes would just copy favorite passages, even compiling passages from different works into one new manuscript.

Studying excerpting practices in the abundant Syriac manuscript tradition is bound to be illuminating. The digitization of Wright's nineteenth-century catalogue of the Syriac manuscripts in the British Library made the research possible.

The analysis in the article is of Wright's catalogue, not the manuscripts themselves, and it depends on his work for its accuracy. This could be made clearer in both the Phys.Org article and the PLOS ONE abstract. The technical article describes the methodology in detail.

AI isn't up to anything like identifying excertps from other works in a collection of exotic-language ancient and medieval manuscripts. We still need human researchers for that. I suspect it will be quite a while before that changes. Whether LLM AI will ever be up to it remains to be seen.

The underlying article at PLOS ONE is open access:

Material philology and Syriac excerpting practices: A computational-quantitative study of the digitized catalog of the Syriac manuscripts in the British Library

Noam Maeir
Published: March 31, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320265

Abstract

This study explores the literary practice of excerpting in Syriac manuscripts through a computational-quantitative analysis, contributing to the emerging field of Syriac material philology. The primary objective is to offer a “big picture” charting of Syriac excerpting as a non-authorial literary practice. Using digitized data from the British Library’s Syriac manuscript collection, the study analyzes nearly 20,000 excerpts, introducing the Excerpts Per Manuscript (EPM) metric to quantify and compare excerpting practices across manuscripts. The results reveal that most manuscripts contain fewer than 20 excerpts, but a small number show much higher levels of excerpting, highlighting the immense intellectual and literary activities implicated in their production. These high-EPM manuscripts appear across multiple genres, indicating that excerpting was a widespread and essential cultural activity rather than confined to specific literary types.

The study also finds that manuscripts with the highest EPM values are concentrated between the 6th and 9th centuries CE, corresponding with a period of intense literary compilation in late antiquity. This pattern reflects the importance of excerpting in knowledge organization, aligning with broader trends in the canonization of texts within Christian, Jewish, and Greco-Roman traditions. The research emphasizes the limitations of earlier cataloging approaches, which obscure non-authorial practices by focusing on authors and texts. By reorienting data through computational analysis, the study provides new insights into the role of excerpting in Syriac manuscript culture. This approach demonstrates the value of digital tools in material philology, uncovering patterns that bridge genres and timeframes, and identifying high-EPM manuscripts as key sites of intellectual and cultural activity in the Syriac literary tradition.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Van Maaren, The Gospel of Mark's Judaism and the Death of Christ as Ransom for Many (Mohr Siebeck)

NEW BOOK FROM MOHR SIEBECK:
John Van Maaren

The Gospel of Mark's Judaism and the Death of Christ as Ransom for Many

[Das Judentum des Markusevangeliums und der Tod Christi als Lösegeld für viele.] 2025. XVII, 293 pages.
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament (WUNT I) 534

€134.00
including VAT
cloth
available
978-3-16-164412-2

Also Available As:
eBook PDF
€134.00

Summary

Until recently, there has been a near consensus that the Gospel of Mark is an expression of a Gentile, post-Jewish, form of Christ adherence. In his book, John Van Maaren challenges the notion of »Gentile Mark« by developing the first narrative-wide reading of the Gospel as an expression of first-century Judaism. He consolidates insights from scattered studies and proposes new interpretations of specific texts and broader themes. He aims to lay the foundation for resituating the earliest extant account of Jesus within the history of early Christ-followers and first-century Judaism, re-examining the place of the law, the nations, the death of Jesus, and the expected kingdom of God.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, April 14, 2025

Lied and Nongbri, Working with Manuscripts (Yale)

VARIANT READINGS: Working with Manuscripts (Brent Nongbri).
It’s a nice moment when you receive the first copies of a book you’ve written. Yesterday, I had the pleasure of opening the box of authors’ copies of Working with Manuscripts, written together with my colleague Liv Ingeborg Lied.

[...]

Full details:
Working with Manuscripts
A Guide for Textual Scholars

by Liv Ingeborg Lied and Brent Nongbri

192 Pages, 5.50 x 8.50 in, 17 b-w illus.

Paperback
9780300264425
Published: Tuesday, 15 Apr 2025
$25.00

eBook
9780300281477
Published: Tuesday, 15 Apr 2025
$25.00

Hardcover
9780300264432
Published: Tuesday, 15 Apr 2025
$85.00

Description

A first-of-its-kind handbook outlining best practices and common pitfalls for students and textual scholars interested in beginning to work with manuscripts

While manuscripts are rare in most of the world today, they were once ubiquitous. Before the printing press, literature was preserved and transmitted through handwritten copies containing variant readings, mistakes, corrections, and other unique features. Those who study premodern texts, however, often use as their primary sources not these diverse artifacts but critical editions that present a single convenient hybrid text.

Brent Nongbri and Liv Ingeborg Lied argue that knowledge of manuscripts is important for all interpreters of ancient texts, even if learning how to study them can be confusing and intimidating. In this book they draw on their decades of experience with Jewish and Christian manuscripts to demystify manuscript work. Combining their interests in manuscripts as material artifacts with the ethical issues surrounding the study of manuscripts, Lied and Nongbri guide students through the main phases of research, from considerations of provenance and access to the practicalities of on-site research, analysis, and publication. The book includes aids for locating manuscripts, helpful case studies, tips for organizing data, a glossary, suggestions for further reading, and more.

Written in an engaging style with students in mind, this handbook provides an invaluable resource for anyone who wants to study a manuscript for the first time.

The formal publication date is tomorrow. Congratulations to both authors!

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

4QIsaiaho

THE ETC BLOG: A Less Studied Isaiah Scroll (Anthony Ferguson).
In my own personal study of Isaiah, I’ve come across a less known and less studied Dead Sea Scroll, 4QIsao (4Q68), that preserves some insightful, even peculiar details. It dates paleographically to 100-50 BC which makes it a little younger than the more popular 1QIsaa.

[...]

Technical details follow, with a summary at the end of the post.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Review panel on Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven (6 - author response)

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW has published what I take to be the final essay in its review panel on Rafael Rachel Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven:

Author Response | Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven (Rafael Rachel Neis).

In the panel itself I began by asking those gathered to something a little different, something embodied and experimental.
I noted the earlier essays in the series here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Sunday, April 13, 2025

Ritual and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East (Mohr Siebeck)

NEW BOOK FROM MOHR SIEBECK:
Ritual and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East

Edited by Tzvi Abusch, Alan Lenzi and Jeffrey Stackert

[Ritual und Gesetz in der Hebräischen Bibel und im Alten Orient.]
2024. VIII, 265 pages.
Forschungen zum Alten Testament (FAT) 184

€129.00
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cloth
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978-3-16-163879-4

Also Available As:
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Summary

The authors of this volume celebrate the contributions of David P. Wright to the fields of biblical studies and ancient Near Eastern studies. They place particular focus on topics of ritual and law, the major concerns of Wright's scholarship. The studies included deal with various texts and issues in the Hebrew Bible, Mesopotamian texts and material culture, Hittite cultic ritual, and comparative mythology.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Saturday, April 12, 2025

Passover 2025

HAPPY PASSOVER (PESACH) to all those celebrating! The festival begins this evening at sundown.

Last year's Passover post is here, with links. Subsequent Passover-related posts are here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

UPDATE (21 April): More here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Grossberg, The Evolution of Jewish Monotheism (CUP)

NEW BOOK FROM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS:
The Evolution of Jewish Monotheism
‘God is One,’ From Antiquity to Modernity

AUTHOR: David Michael Grossberg, Cornell University, New York
DATE PUBLISHED: February 2025
AVAILABILITY: Available
FORMAT: Hardback
ISBN: 9781009569194

£ 90.00
Hardback

Other available formats:
Adobe eBook Reader

Description

In this book, David Michael Grossberg offers a fresh and illuminating perspective on the three-thousand-year history of Jewish monotheism by narrating the history of 'God is one' as a religious slogan from the ancient to the modern world. Although 'God is one' has been called Judaism's primary testimony of faith, its meaning has been obscure and contentious from its earliest emergence. From the Bible's acclamatory 'the Lord is one' to Philo of Alexandria's highest Word just secondary to God; from the Talmud's rejection of 'two powers in heaven' to the philosophers' First Existent who is one beyond unity; from the Kabbalists' ten-fold Godhead to Spinoza's one substance, this innovative history demonstrates the remarkable diversity encompassed by this deceptively simple Jewish statement of faith. Grossberg demonstrates how this diversity is unified in a continuous striving for knowledge of God that has been at the heart of Judaism from its earliest beginnings.

  • Presents a compelling narrative of the emergence of the expression 'God is one' in Greek in the classical and Hellenistic periods.
  • Critically reexamines the scholarly controversy on “monotheism” as a pre-modern category by concentrating instead on the expression 'God is one' itself in historical usage
  • Offers to scholars an innovative history of monotheism and to the non-specialist an accessible narrative of Judaism's three thousand year theological development

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, April 11, 2025

Tony Burke's Regensburg Year: March

THE APOCRYPHICITY BLOG: My Regensburg Year Part 8: March 2025.

Tony Burke is on research sabbatical for the 2024-25 academic year at the University of Regensburg in Germany.

This post includes concerts in Munich and Glasgow, Pilate's apocryphal uneasy resting place in (according to local legend) Lucerne, and Tony's lecture at the University of Glasgow on paratextual features in the Greek manuscripts of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas.

For earlier posts in the series and more on Tony's work, see here and links.

Cross-file under New Testament Apocrypha Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

On BAR covers

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Cover Story. How BAR covers grab readers by the eyeballs (Robert Sugar).
As BAR’s Design Director for almost its entire history, I have been involved with the design of nearly every cover of every issue of the magazine—not to mention its sister publications, Bible Review and Archaeology Odyssey. Altogether, that makes more than 500 covers!

From the beginning, we wanted to create covers that dramatically presented the amazing artistic, architectural, and cultural accomplishments of the peoples described in the Bible, with impressive images and provocative commentary. It is hard to pick favorites, but here I have selected a dozen, arranged chronologically—in my opinion the best examples of the types of covers that have made BAR so successful for so many years.

[...]

For more on Biblical Archaeology Review's fiftieth anniversary, see here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Guide to ethnographic passages by Flavius Josephus

ETHNIC RELATIONS AND MIGRATION IN THE ANCIENT WORLD: Guide to Josephos of Jerusalem (Philip A. Harland).
This is a guide for reading ethnographic passages in Josephos (Flavius Josephus) on this website roughly sequentially:
For more on the Ethnic Relations and Migrations blog, see here and here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Thursday, April 10, 2025

Classical vs. Late Biblical Hebrew from a statistical perspective

HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: Classical versus Late Biblical Hebrew: Two Statistical Case Studies (Dr. Moshe Rachmuth, Prof. Stephen Portnoy, Prof. Jacob L. Wright).
Is “kingdom” in Biblical Hebrew, מַמְלָכָה mamlakha or מַלְכוּת malkhut? How does the Bible express that something is prohibited? Many linguistic scholars posit that it depends on the dialect, CBH or LBH. Does statistical analysis support this conclusion?
Building on the work of scholars such as the late Avi Hurvitz.

Some PaleoJudaica posts on the vexed question of linguistic dating of biblical Hebrew are here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Latest on on those 3rd-millennium alphabetic (?) inscriptions

UPDATE: What was the first alphabet in the world? New discoveries challenge old ideas about the earliest alphabets (Tom Metcalfe, Live Science).
With so many ancient texts around the world, you might wonder which alphabet was the first to be developed. In other words, what is the oldest confirmed alphabet in the world?

Experts told Live Science it was probably the proto-Sinaitic script, which was invented about 4,000 years ago by Canaanite workers at an Egyptian turquoise mine in the Sinai region. The proto-Sinaitic script developed into the Phoenician alphabet, which, in turn, inspired the early Hebrew, Greek and Roman alphabets.

However, a November 2024 discovery by researchers at Johns Hopkins University suggested that an alphabetic script was being used hundreds of years earlier, in what is now northern Syria. Their evidence is four clay cylinders, each about as long as a finger, from a Bronze Age tomb at Umm el-Marra, near Aleppo.

[...]

PaleoJudaica has already posted on this story here, here, and here. This article notes responses from additional specialists. The mood still seems to be cautious.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Gupta on the Septuagint

SUBSTACK SERIES: Studying Early Judaism: the Septuagint. A Guide to Resources for New Testament Studies (Nijay K. Gupta, Studying Early Judaism Substack).

I have noted other posts in the series here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, April 09, 2025

On the Amarna letters

THETORAH.COM has a collection of eight essays by Dr. Alice Mandell on the Amarna letters.

Part 1: Akhetaten, Egypt’s Ancient Capital: Records of Ancient Diplomacy

A cache of over 380 cuneiform tablets, written in Akkadian, the ancient international language, sheds light on the political realities of the Levant in late 14th century, more than 100 years before the appearance of Israel.
Part 2: Suppiluliuma I of Hatti: Pharaoh’s “Brother” and Rival
Located in eastern Turkey, the kingdom of the Hittites competed with Egypt for control of Amurru and Mittani in modern-day Lebanon and Syria.
Part 3: Kadashman-Enlil I of Babylon Feels Disrespected by Amunhotep III
The Kassite king of Babylonia accuses the pharaoh of insulting his sister, whom he had taken as a wife, and of sending him diluted gold.
Part 4: Pharaoh and His Vassals in Canaan
Canaanite kings, such as Abimilki of Tyre, write to Pharaoh to ask for help and complain about rivals. Notable is Aziru, king of Amurru, who abandons his loyalty to Egypt in favor of the Hittites.
Part 5: The ‘Apiru and Labʾayu Ruler of Shechem
Abdi–Ḫeba of Jerusalem, among other Canaanite rules, appeal to Pharaoh for help against the ‘Apiru, who are destroying towns. Some local rulers are even accused of being in league with the ‘Apiru, the most colorful and notorious of which was Labʾayu of Shechem.
Part 6: Scribes: The Diplomats of the Amarna-Age
The Amarna letters are presented in the voice of various kings, but they are actually literary creations crafted by professional scribes who employ wordplay, parallelism, and other rhetorical techniques to make their patrons' messages as persuasive as possible.
Part 7: The Scribal Team of Rib-Hadda of Byblos
As king of an important port city, Rib-Hadda employed at least ten scribes, who were trained in a certain rhetorical style, some of whom travelled with him north to Ṣumer and south to Beirut.
Part 8: King Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem Commissions a Syrian Scribe
In the earliest texts from Jerusalem, dating to the 14th century B.C.E., the royal scribe peppers his Akkadian letters with Canaanite forms and expressions to defend Abdi-Heba against accusations of disloyal to the pharaoh.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

More Coptic magical papyri

THE COPTIC MAGICAL PAPYRI BLOG: Kyprianos Update (31 March 2025).
We’re pleased to announce that we have just updated the Kyprianos Database of Ancient Ritual Texts and Objects, the first of many to come in the framework of the new Coptic Magical Formularies project.
The new magical texts include Christian Apocrypha-like material on the Four Magi (yes, four), the birth of Jesus, and the Virgin Mary.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Hebrew Bible vs. Old Testament

TERMINOLOGY: Hebrew Bible vs. Old Testament: More than an editorial choice. Whether on scrolls or in codices, these texts continue to speak across traditions, inviting readers to engage with them in all their richness (Daniel Esparza, Aleteia).

A brief overview of the different implications of the two terms.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, April 08, 2025

The life of an (aspiring) lost-language decipherer

AMBITIOUS HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: The lonely life of a glyph-breaker. The heroic days of deciphering hieroglyphics and cuneiform make for great stories, but will we ever see that happen again? (Francesco Perono Cacciafoco, Aeon).
Rather than trying to amass oceans of scientific papers listing self-evident results and futile findings, instead of inserting AI and unnecessary technologies into the most human of activities, like teaching, universities and research institutions should value and support their people (something that, nowadays, happens more and more rarely) and be especially inclusive of the ones among them who are able to think outside the box, to go the extra mile towards the achievement of what is believed to be unattainable or, simply, impossible – like the decipherment of undeciphered writing systems.

There’s no question that challenges remain. Linear A, the Phaistos Disc, the Indus Valley script, the Rongorongo writing system, the Singapore Stone and many other mysteries still await their codebreakers. Their decipherment seems unlikely – especially for scripts with very few surviving texts – but so too did the breakthroughs in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and Linear B.

I agree with all of the above, not least the reservations about AI matching human creativity in the foreseeable future.

This long article has a good discussion of the challenges of deciphering lost languages, a challenge that is more difficult today because most of the remaining lost-language remnants survive in such sparse samples. It also includes detailed accounts of Champollion's decipherment of Egyptian hierogyphics and Ventris's decipherment of Linear B.

The headline mentions the decipherment of cuneiform, but the article says little about it. For more, see here, here and (especially) here.

For a test-case of AI decipherment from some years ago, using Ugaritic, see here and here. For more comments on the use of AI for various aspects of ancient language decipherment and analysis, see here, here (especially), here, and here.

For the importance of the decipherment of the ancient Egyptian and cuneiform languages, see my post Why we need Akkadian (and the humanities!), again from some years ago, but still relevant. See also here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Review of Regards croisés sur la pseudépigraphie dans l’Antiquité / Perspectives on pseudepigraphy in antiquity

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: Regards croisés sur la pseudépigraphie dans l’Antiquité / Perspectives on pseudepigraphy in antiquity.
Anne-France Morand, Eric Crégheur, Karine Laporte, Gaëlle Rioual, Regards croisés sur la pseudépigraphie dans l’Antiquité / Perspectives on pseudepigraphy in antiquity. Judaïsme ancien et origines du christianisme, 30. Turnhout: Brepols, 2024. Pp. 304. ISBN 9782503602608.

Review by
Fabienne Jourdan, CNRS. jourdan.fabienne@cnrs.fr

... Fidèle à son objectif, l’ouvrage traite la pseudépigraphie selon ses différents aspects : littéraires, historiques, religieux et politiques; selon ses différents types de réceptions, anciens et modernes, gouvernés par différentes attentes; il redéfinit la notion selon la nature spécifique des textes qu’elle sert à qualifier. La bibliographie est très bien exploitée. Cet ouvrage constituera un maillon essentiel dans la poursuite des recherches sur le sujet.

The volume includes many articles on the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.

The volume and the review are in French. A Google English translation of the review is here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

The dogs(?) that didn't snarl(?)

PASSOVER IS COMING: The dogs that didn’t bark at the Exodus. As the Israelites prepare to leave Egypt, the Torah makes a reference to dogs. But why? (Rabbi Dr Raphael Zarum, The Jewish Chronicle).
Dogs hardly appear in the Torah, but they do feature in the Pesach story. On the night set for leaving Egypt, God promised that “no dog shall snarl against the Israelites” (Exodus 11:7). It’s an odd thing to mention. Why worry about a few woofs?
An intriguing reading that involves the Egyptian god Anubis. With some midrashic support.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, April 07, 2025

The City of David, the Temple Mount, and the Givati Parking Lot

TEMPLE MOUNT WATCH: The Parking Lot That Determined the Future of Jerusalem’s Past. In the 1860s, a British explorer discovered the City of David. Fifteen years ago, the Palestinian Authority tried to stop those who wanted to follow in his footsteps (DORON SPIELMAN, Mosaic Magazine).
Charles Warren kindled an ongoing quest to uncover Jerusalem as it was during the times of the First and Second Temples. The patient, careful work undertaken since that time has vastly increased the scholarly understanding of the Hebrew Bible (as well as the Christian one) and of Jewish history, and still attracts some of the world’s leading archaeologist, as well as scientists who are constantly developing new methods of exploring these sites.

Of course, those who have been involved in the project that Warren began have brought with them various religious, ideological, and scholarly agendas. But a different kind of agenda has emerged over the past several decades: an attempt to stop further exploration and destroy the archaeological record, in order to throw into doubt the connection between the Jewish people and their ancestral homeland. In what follows, I will look at those who have in recent years continued what Warren began, and how their progress was almost thwarted.

Charles Warren and his shaft, Herod’s Water Channel, Hezekiah's Tunnel and its inscription, and the back story of the Givati Parking Lot excavation.

This long article is fascinating and informative. Well worth the read.

For PaleoJudaica posts on the Givati Parking Lot excavation, see here and links, plus here, here, and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Jodi Magness

PROFILE: The Archaeologist’s World: Jodi Magness and Her Ancient Discoveries (Laurie Paolicelli, The Chapel Hill Local Reporter).
It was just another day for Jodi Magness: breakfast with her husband, a walk around her Chapel Hill neighborhood, and then a call from Austria. A documentary producer wanted to meet her in Jerusalem to discuss the Shroud of Turin — a linen cloth bearing the image of a man some believe to be Jesus Christ. For the average person, this might require a quick internet search to recall what the Shroud even is. For Magness, it was simply one of many calls from experts worldwide seeking her expertise on Jesus and ancient Jerusalem.

As the Kenan Distinguished Professor for Teaching Excellence in Early Judaism at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill since 2002, Magness has established herself as a preeminent authority on the historical landscapes of modern Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian territories from the time of Jesus through the tenth century.

[...]

A nice, brief biography of Professor Magness and overview of her work.

For more on her work, including the remarkable Huqoq excavation, see here and links, plus here and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Avi Hurvitz (1936-2025)

SAD NEWS FROM H-JUDAIC: Passing of Avi Hurwitz (1936-2025) (Elena Beletckaia).
H-Judaic is greatly saddened to learn of the passing of Avi Hurwitz (1936-2025), Professor Emeritus of Bible and Hebrew Language at the Hebrew University.

Born in Israel, Prof. Hurwitz specialized in the linguistic analysis of the Hebrew Bible. His effort to distinguish early and late biblical Hebrew was widely discussed.

[...]

May his memory be for a blessing.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Sunday, April 06, 2025

Masotti, But the Wise Shall Understand (Mohr Siebeck)

NEW BOOK FROM MOHR SIEBECK:
Felipe A. Masotti

But the Wise Shall Understand

Reuse of Prophecies, Chronotope, and Merging of Eschatological Horizons in Daniel 10-12

[»Aber die weise sind werden's verstehen.« Wiederverwendung von Prophezeiungen, Chronotopos und Verschmelzung von Eschatologiehorizonten in Daniel 10-12.]
2025. XXIV, 414 pages.
Forschungen zum Alten Testament 2. Reihe (FAT II) 157

€109.00
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sewn paper
available
978-3-16-163402-4

Also Available As:
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€109.00

Summary

Felipe A. Masotti demonstrates how the closely related phenomena of literary reuse of prophecies and time-space representation are employed in Daniel 10-12 to describe the ultimate end. Adopting Bakhtin's chronotope concept, Masotti shows how prophetic texts from Numbers, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Habakkuk are strategically reused to build a narratological architecture emphasizing the eschatological expectancy of an impending divine intervention. This volume illustrates how Daniel 10-12 creates a tension between conservatism and innovation regarding older eschatological expectations. Consequently, it unveils how the chronotopical architecture of Daniel 10-12 grounds a theology of God's sovereignty over classical prophetic time, and how the merging of eschatological horizons between its apocalyptic discourse and the reused prophecies is intentionally achieved through textual saturation.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Saturday, April 05, 2025

Purity in Ancient Judaism (Mohr Siebeck)

NEW BOOK FROM MOHR SIEBECK:
Purity in Ancient Judaism
Texts, Contexts, and Concepts

Edited by Lutz Doering, Jörg Frey and Laura von Bartenwerffer

[Reinheit im antiken Judentum. Texte, Kontexte und Konzepte.]
2025. VIII, 427 pages.
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament (WUNT I) 528

€154.00
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978-3-16-159329-1

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Open Access

Summary

Purity plays a central role in ancient Judaism. It is relevant in the encounter with the sacred, especially at the Jerusalem Temple, but also in the context of sacred communities, for example the Qumran yaḥad. Ancients Jews, however, also strove for purity far away from the Temple, both in the land of Israel remote from Jerusalem and in the Diaspora. Yet, means, procedures, and conceptualizations in relation to purity and purification varied. While purity therefore seems to be »everywhere« in ancient Judaism, it is not everywhere the same. The present volume explores different texts and material evidence in relation to purity, impurity, and purification, from both the historic land of Israel and the Diaspora. It adduces comparative evidence from Greece, probes and refines concepts of moral and ritual (im)purity, and traces the relevance of purity debates in nascent Christianity.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Friday, April 04, 2025

Gaza archaeology exhibition in Paris

NOW OPEN: New Gaza archaeology exhibit opens in Paris, as most sites in enclave severely damaged. Artifacts on display include findings from Franco-Palestinian excavations initiated in Gaza in 1995, as well as items from the collection of Gazan real estate magnate Jawdat Khoudary (ROSSELLA TERCATIN, Times of Israel).
Titled “Rescued Treasures of Gaza: 5000 Years of History,” the exhibition is hosted by the Institut du Monde Arabe (Institute for the Arab World) and organized in partnership with the Museum of Art and History of Geneva (MAH) and the Palestinian National Authority.

Running from April 3 to November 2, 2025, the Institut du Monde Arabe is exhibiting what it calls “an exceptional collection featuring 130 archaeological masterpieces, each bearing witness to the vibrant and millennia-old history of this Palestinian enclave,” in a statement provided to The Times of Israel (the Institute did not respond to multiple requests for an interview with one of its representatives).

For PaleoJudaica posts on this collection and on this exhibition as upcoming, see here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Albert Pietersma (1935–2025)

SAD NEWS: Obituary for Albert Pietersma (1935–2025) (Robert Hiebert, IOSCS).
Albert Pietersma
Professor Emeritus of Septuagint and Hellenistic Greek
Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations
University of Toronto
September 28, 1935 – March 25, 2025

Albert Pietersma passed away peacefully on Tuesday, March 25, 2025 at the age of 89. ...

He was a remarkable scholar whose contributions to the discipline of Septuagint Studies were stimulating and impactful, not least in his capacity as Joint-Editor-in-Chief (along with Benjamin Wright) of A New English Translation of the Septuagint (OUP, 2007) and of the forthcoming Society of Biblical Literature Commentary on the Septuagint series (SBL Press). Included among his numerous publications were monographs and essays dealing with Greek and Coptic papyrus texts of Genesis, Psalms, The Apocalypse of Elijah, The Acts of Phileas, and The Apocryphon of Jannes and Jambres, as well as with topics pertaining to the textual criticism, exegesis, and hermeneutics of the Septuagint. ...

Reqiescat in pace.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Review panel on Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven (5)

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW has published another essay in its review panel on Rafael Rachel Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven:

The Theory of the Raven (Sarah Pierce Taylor)

In responding to Rafael Neis’ book When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven, I write as a scholar of premodern South Asian religious literature focusing on affect, embodiment, and gender and sexuality. Being an outsider to the field means that the finer strokes of Rabbinic law and the like are impenetrable, but it is also a position of privilege for the ways in which it makes readily apparent the broader strokes and interventions of Neis’ project. ...
I noted the earlier essays in the series here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Thursday, April 03, 2025

Zoom lecture by Prof. Amy-Jill Levine on Jesus' parables

CAL STATE LONG BEACH COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS: Zoom Event- Dr. Amy-Jill Levine: "Jesus’ Parables as Jewish Stories"
The CSULB Jewish Studies Program is deeply honored to welcome Professor Amy-Jill Levine back to Southern California. She will be discussing “Jesus’ Parables as Jewish Stories” via Zoom at 6 pm on Monday, April 7th. ...
Follow the link for the Zoom link and more on the lecture and the lecturer.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Guide to ethnographic passages in Poseidonios of Apameia

ETHNIC RELATIONS AND MIGRATION IN THE ANCIENT WORLD: Guide to Poseidonios of Apameia (Philip A. Harlan).
This post is aimed at providing a guide for reading through ethnographic passages on this website from Poseidonios’ lost works (first century BCE):
Poseidinios passed on some dodgy ideas about ancient Judeans, and perhaps some comments on Dead Sea asphalt harvesting.

For more on this blog, see here and here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Aliyari Babolghani, The Great King’s Word under AhuraMazdā’s Protection (Brill)

BIBLIOGRAPHIA IRANICA: The Great King’s Word under AhuraMazdā’s Protection. Notice of a New Book: Aliyari Babolghani, Salman. 2024. The Great King’s Word under AhuraMazdā’s Protection: Trilingual Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions of Susa I (DARIOSH STUDIES III/1) (Ancient Iranian Series 17). Leiden: Brill.

Follow the link for description and link to the publisher's page.

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Wednesday, April 02, 2025

Ten Commandments Scroll coming to Reagan Library exhibition

SCROLL ROTATION: Ten Commandments Scroll To Be Featured At The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (Reagan Foundation press release).
SIMI VALLEY, CA. – The Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Institute will introduce the Ten Commandments Scroll from the Dead Sea Scrolls to its exhibit, “Dead Sea Scrolls: The Exhibition.” This new addition offers visitors a rare opportunity to explore one of the most significant texts in religious history. The Ten Commandments Scroll will be on display from April 11 to 24, 2025, with a media day to witness the installation on April 10.

Never before toured in California and not seen in the U.S. since 2013, the Ten Commandments Scroll will be on exclusive display at the Reagan Library, the only stop on this tour to feature them. The Scroll, known as 4Q41, was discovered in 1952 in Qumran Cave 4 and contains Deuteronomy 8:5–10 and Deuteronomy 5:1–6:1. It is believed to be the oldest existing copy of the Ten Commandments and is permitted for display only two weeks every two years.

[...]

I noted in February that new scrolls were coming to the Reagan Library exhibition. But at the time I didn't know which ones they would be.

4Q41 (also known as 4QDeutn or the "All Souls Deuteronomy" manuscript) was published by my good friend and fellow doctoral student Sidnie White Crawford in her Harvard PhD thesis and then in DJD 14 (1995). It contains selections from Deuteronomy, one of which is the Decalogue.

The last I heard of this scroll, it was on display in Israel in 2015. See my comments at the link qualifying the claim that it is the oldest copy of the Ten Commandments. For more on the 2011-13 exhibition in the USA, see here and links.

For more on the current Reagan Library exhibition, see here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Biblical Studies Carnival 226

ZWINGLIUS REDIVIVUS: The March Carnival: A Special Edition- Agade (Jim West).
Some of you are familiar with Jack Sasson’s brilliant email list called Agade. ...

This month’s carnival is in honor of Jack’s astonishing work on his list, his lifetime of amazing scholarship, and his collegiality and friendship over many years. The carnival is organized according to Jack’s email list categories. He sent out a LOT more links and such but since they were not particularly related to biblical studies I didn’t include them.

PaleoJudaica refers to the Agade List often. And Phil Long, the coordinator of the Biblical Studies Carnival, has more on it here.

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Bentley Layton (1941-2025)

SAD NEWS: Bentley Layton, distinguished Coptic linguist and scholar of ancient Christianity (YaleNews).
Bentley Layton, the pre-eminent scholar of his generation of the late ancient Egyptian language, Coptic, died on March 26 at his home in New Haven from complications of Parkinson’s disease. He was 83.

Layton, the Goff Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies and professor of Near Eastern languages and civilizations at Yale, made immeasurable contributions to the study of major textual corpora, including the gnostic texts found at Nag Hammadi, and the writings of the Egyptian monk Shenoute of Atripe.

[...]

Requiescat in pace.

Cross-file under Coptic Watch.

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On the Coptic “Pillow Psalter”

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: The “Pillow Psalter” Returns. The Oldest Complete Book of Psalms is Back on Display (Marek Dospěl).
One of the most treasured artifacts in the collections of the Coptic Museum in Cairo, the so-called Pillow Psalter, is back on display. Dating to about 400 CE, this oldest complete Coptic manuscript of the Book of Psalms returned to public view in February, following almost five years of restoration work. As reported by several Egyptian outlets, including the State Information Service, the ancient codex has been fully restored and documented and is now presented in a newly designed permanent exhibit, ready to awe and inspire many more generations of visitors to the Coptic Museum.

[...]

This essay gives a good overview of the Coptic Mudil "Pillow Psalter" codex. But the above paragraph could use some editing. The essay was published a year ago, so the mentioned "February" is February of 2024. In other words, the psalter has been on display for the last year.

Nevertheless, the essay is worth reading, BHD has re-posted it, and I missed it last year. So here it is. PaleoJudaica posts on the codex are here, here, and here.

Cross-file under Coptic Watch.

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Tuesday, April 01, 2025

Assyrian New Year 2025

THE ASSYRIAN NEW YEAR 6775 is celebrated today: President Rashid congratulates the Babylonian-Assyrian New Year (Iraqi News Agency).
The President of the Republic said in a tweet on the (X) platform, followed by the Iraqi News Agency (INA): "On the occasion of the Akitu holiday, the Babylonian-Assyrian New Year, we congratulate our Chaldean, Assyrian, and Syriac people, wishing them a happy holiday in which everyone enjoys goodness, prosperity, and blessings."
The current Akitu Festival is a modern revival of the ancient Mesopotamian New Year festival with the same name. The Christian groups mentioned above still use Aramaic as their liturgical language.

For more on the modern festival, see here and links. And for the ancient one, here and links (cf. here).

Happy New Year to all those celebrating!

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Relocating the Valley of Rephaim?

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY: Archaeologist proposes new location for Biblical Rephaim Valley. New research suggests the Rephaim Valley may have been named after a powerful Philistine family, not mythical giants (Jerusalem Post).
In a study published in the Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament, researcher Sabine Kleiman argues that the biblical Rephaim Valley, traditionally located near Jerusalem, may instead lie “east of the Elah Valley” — closer to Philistine Gath — and may derive its name from “the local Gittite elite” rather than legendary giants.

[...]

I have no view on the geographical question. The biblical exegesis is more or less consistent with what I wrote here. But I think the two above possibilites are not mutually exclusive. That is, it could be that the Rephaim were ancient (to the Israelites) elite Canaanites, some of whom still may have been around in biblical times, and some of whom were remembered as legendary giants. Follow the latter link for my speculations.

The underlying SJOT article is open access:

Identification of the Rephaim Valley
Sabine Kleiman
Published online: 18 Nov 2024
https://doi.org/10.1080/09018328.2024.2425081

ABSTRACT

The Valley of Rephaim is usually located in the direct vicinity of Jerusalem. However, a fresh look at the history of research reveals the uncertainty surrounding this identification and shows that the displayed geography rather points to a setting east of the Elah Valley. At this location, the Rephaim Valley was of utmost interest to the communities of the lowlands, who were during the 10th and 9th centuries BCE under the control of Philistine Gath, which is significantly featured in the books of Samuel. This paper highlights the relationship between the city and the Rephaim Valley accounts and further suggests, that the place owes its name to the local Gittite elite and not to an association with past mythical giants.

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More Egyptian Book of the Dead fragments recovered

MUSEUM EXCAVATION: Outstanding discovery in Trento: fragments of a very rare Egyptian papyrus found (Redazione, Finestre sull'Arte).
Identified in Trent four fragments of the Senemnetjer papyrus, an extremely rare Book of the Dead from Saqqara. The discovery, of exceptional importance for Egyptology, enriches the collection of the Buonconsiglio Castle, which will reopen its Egyptian section at the end of the year.
2023 was a big year for the Egyptian Book of the Dead, with two new manuscripts discovered, a new edition of another manuscript published, and a museum exhibition on a fourth.

2024 was quiet on that front, but 2025 is starting out well with the discovery of new fragments from an important already-known manuscript. Another fragment is in the Archaeological Museum in Florence and another is apparently lost, but a drawing of it survives.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, March 31, 2025

Podcast interview with Emanuel Tov on the scribes of Qumran

THE STONE CHAPEL PODCAST with David Capes has a two-part interview with renowned Dead Sea Scrolls scholar Emanuel Tov. Transcripts included (and quoted below).

The Scribes of Qumran (Part 1) With Emanuel Tov

... In the beginning, when the scrolls were found in 1947-1948, people thought that all these scrolls found at Qumran in a dry region at the shore of the Dead Sea were actually copied on the spot.

Now we have become more wise, and according to my own theory, one-third of the scrolls that were found near the Dead Sea were copied on the spot, and two-thirds were imported by the people who lived in Qumran from outside Qumran. So, when we talk about the scribes of the Dead Sea Scrolls, it’s a little bit misleading, because these are really not the scribes of Qumran. These are the scribes of ancient Israel, of ancient Palestine that we get to know from this wonderful treasure of scrolls that were found at Qumran, it’s the whole world of ancient Israel that we learn from these scrolls that were found at one spot.

Did Scribes Copy the Bible Correctly? (Part 2) With Emanuel Tov
I think this is a wonderful new avenue of research about the identity of scribes. But at the same time, you should realize that we haven’t found answers to the main question. Namely of those 950 different papyri, in very few cases, were we able to find the identity of scribes that wrote more than one scroll. It’s too bad that all the scribes remain anonymous, because in ancient times, at least in this part of the world, unlike in Mesopotamia, these scribes are anonymous. They don’t say, I’m called Moshe, the son of Aaron who writes this scroll. They don’t say anything.

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Review panel on Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven (3-4)

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW has published two more essays in its review panel on Rafael Rachel Neis. When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species. University of California Press, 2023.

The Method-Image (Roland Betancourt)

Beyond all its groundbreaking contributions to the secondary literature, this book also presents a model for how different rhetorical forms and artistic skills can be mobilized in academic communication to reformulate how we present our arguments to our audiences, what we are able to communicate, and what audiences we can create with more varied forms of storytelling and methodological play.
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash: A short response to Rafael Rachel Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven (Catherine Michael Chin)
It is energizing, if a little vertiginous, in the case of Neis’s work, to be drawn in as a participant in looking at likenesses in a book that is about the act of looking at likenesses, and about the act of deciding just how alike those likenesses are. What does it mean for the offspring of a human to look like a raven? Just how much like a raven do they actually look?
I noted the earlier essays in the series here and here.

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Kitchen obituary

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Milestones: Kenneth A. Kitchen (1932–2025). Leading Egyptologist who connected Egyptian and biblical history (James K. Hoffmeier).
Kenneth A. Kitchen was a giant in the field of Near Eastern studies. His academic interests spanned the languages and histories of the entire Near East, from Anatolia and South Arabia to Mesopotamia and across the Fertile Crescent, with Egyptology being his passion and primary focus. Throughout his career, he was also fascinated by how ancient texts, iconography, and archaeology could contribute to the study and interpretation of the Bible.

[...]

Background here.

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Sunday, March 30, 2025

Schmied, Anklage Gottes im Midrasch zu den Klageliedern (Mohr Siebeck)

NEW BOOK FROM MOHR SIEBECK:
Mareike Schmied

Anklage Gottes im Midrasch zu den Klageliedern

Eine Studie zu den Transformationen der Gottesbilder im Midrasch Echa Rabbati

[Accusation of God in the Midrash on Lamentations. A Study on the Transformations of the Images of God in the Midrash Echa Rabbati.]
2024. XIII, 421 pages.
Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism (TSAJ) 191

Published in German.
€129.00
including VAT

cloth
available
978-3-16-159325-3

Also Available As:
eBook PDF
€129.00

Summary

In this study on the history of reception, Mareike Schmied analyses the treatment of the problematic images of God in the Lamentations in rabbinic midrash. How do the rabbis deal with the renewed destruction of the temple and the resulting crises of faith and life and once again manage to hold on to their God, who could not or would not prevent their downfall?

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