Wednesday, May 06, 2020

Review of Kampen, Matthew within Sectarian Judaism - with free bonus link!!

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: Book Note | Matthew Within Sectarian Judaism (Giancarlo Angulo).
John Kampen, Matthew within Sectarian Judaism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019).
Excerpt:
... Rather than think of Matthew as a Christian text that reflects certain Jewish qualities, Kampen frames Matthew as a Jewish composition that emerges from within a variegated sectarian environment, and that proposes its understanding of Jewish halakhah as mediated through the messianic figure of Jesus. Using this framework, Matthew’s textual and ideological context must include the arguments and declarations of Jewish groups documented in texts such as those found among the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Any of my readers interested in this book — you will also be interested in a St. Andrews PhD dissertation that I supervised some years ago. You can access it for free at the link in pdf format.

Kathleen Helen Burt, Ritual in the Damascus Document and the Gospel of Matthew (University of St. Andrews PhD thesis, 2014).
Abstract
This thesis examines the ritual content of the Damascus Document and the Gospel of
Matthew, demonstrating how community identity is constructed and developed through
the interpretation of the Law represented in each. The content is arranged according to
the ritual typology of Catherine Bell, which organises ritual into six categories:
calendrical ritual, rites of exchange and communion, political ritual, rites of passage, rites of affliction and rites of feasting and fasting. Analysis by type enables comparison and comment on the features and effects of ritual. I identify the Scriptural precedent for the discussions of ritual and any similar texts from the same period. These two ritually dense texts provide a great deal of material representing different perspectives on ritual
function and obligations within a Jewish community setting. The Damascus Document is a non-sectarian legal text from the Second Temple period. The Gospel of Matthew presents the narrative of Jesus with considerable comment on ritual matters, reflecting an audience steeped in Jewish ritual praxis while looking towards an eschatological inclusion of Gentiles who adhere to Jewish obligations. Each offers an insight into a community dissenting from aspects of mainstream Judaism without withdrawing completely. Each community maintains traditional ritual obligations to some extent, but claims additional information clarifying the correct interpretations of the Law. This thesis analyses how they negotiate the practical, and often theological, issues that accompany their distinct practices, creating a community identity through ritual.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Review of Sweeney, Jewish Mysticism

READING ACTS: Book Review: Marvin Sweeney, Jewish Mysticism: From Ancient Times through Today (Phil Long).
Sweeney, Marvin A. Jewish Mysticism: From Ancient Times through Today. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2020. 432 pp. Hc; $60.
This sounds like a useful textbook.

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Dura-Europos website

THE AWOL BLOG: Dura-Europos, 'Pompeii of the Syrian Desert.' A website run by Professor Simon James, one of the recent excavators of the site.

I noted a review of Professor James's recent book on Dura-Europos here. And follow the links from there for many past posts on Dura-Europos, know in particular for the remarkable biblical murals in its third-century CE synagogue, as well as for its ancient house church and Mithraeum.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, May 05, 2020

More on the arrests in Samaria

ARCHAEOLOGIST APPREHENSION UPDATE: IDF investigating PA confiscation of Israeli archaeologist gun in Area C. COGAT said that the archaeologists had sought and failed to receive IDF permission to visit the site precisely because of the Palestinian COVID-19 roadblock (Tovah Lazaroff, Jerusalem Post). With some clarifications to the earlier report. Not surprisingly, the story becomes more complicated as more of it comes out.

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Magness to deliver Schweich Lectures

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA: Jodi Magness To Deliver Schweich Lectures.
AIA Past President Jodi Magness has been invited by the British Academy to deliver the Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology in 2022.

[...]
Hopefully things will have settled down by then.

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Berthelot (ed.), Reconsidering Roman power

THE AWOL BLOG: Reconsidering Roman power: Roman, Greek, Jewish and Christian perceptions and reactions. This volume, edited by Katell Berthelot, is online in the open-access series, Collection de l'École française de Rome.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

No repentance

READING ACTS: Why Do People Refuse to Repent? Revelation 9:20-21. Phil Long continues his blog series on the seven angels of the Book of Revelation. We are still on the events of the trumpet-blowing of the sixth angel.

I have noted earlier posts in the series here and links

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, May 04, 2020

Review of James, The Roman military base at Dura-Europos, Syria

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: The Roman military base at Dura-Europos, Syria: an archaeological visualisation.
Simon James, The Roman military base at Dura-Europos, Syria: an archaeological visualisation. . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. xxxiii, 345 p.. ISBN 9780198743569 $175.00.

Review by
Matthew M. McCarty, University of British Columbia. matthew.mccarty@ubc.ca
Excerpt:
James’ work on the military zone demonstrates both the need and potential for full re-analysis of legacy data from Dura and other sites with similar excavation histories. It offers a methodologically robust paradigm for doing so, whose value is apparent from the way James is able to re-write the history and archaeology of Roman-controlled Dura. This is an auspicious opening to mark the centenary of Dura studies, and a model starting point for reevaluating one of the most important archaeological sites in the Roman East.
For many past posts on Dura-Europos, know in particular for the remarkable biblical murals in its third-century CE synagogue, start here and follow the links. The city also had a house church and a Mithraeum.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Branch-Trevathan, The Sermon on the Mount and Spiritual Exercises

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:
The Sermon on the Mount and Spiritual Exercises

The Making of the Matthean Self


Series: Novum Testamentum, Supplements, Volume: 178

Author: George Branch-Trevathan

What, in Matthew’s view, should a human being become and how does one attain that ideal? In The Sermon on the Mount and Spiritual Exercises: The Making of the Matthean Self, George Branch-Trevathan presents a new account of Matthew’s ethics and argues that the evangelist presents the Sermon on the Mount as functioning like many other ancient sayings collections, that is, as facilitating transformative work on oneself, or “spiritual exercises,” that enable one to realize the evangelist’s ideals. The conclusion suggests some implications for our understanding of ethical formation in antiquity and the study of ethics more generally. This will be an essential volume for scholars studying the Gospel of Matthew, early Christian ethics, the relationships between early Christian and ancient philosophical writings, or ethical formation in antiquity.

Prices from (excl. VAT): €109.00 / $131.00

E-Book
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-42554-5
Publication Date: 31 Mar 2020

Hardback
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-42444-9
Publication Date: 02 Apr 2020

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Archaeologists arrested in Samaria

CONTROVERSIAL APPREHENSION: PA Police Arrest Israeli Archaeologists Investigating Arab Robberies in Northern Samaria Site (David Israel, Jewish Press). The site is Tel Parsin. It was occupied over a long period and there are Second Temple-era remains there.

Again, the story involves plenty of politics. You can read one take on them in the article.

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The Romans built the Pools of Solomon?

CANDIDA MOSS: The Secrets of Bethlehem’s Controversial Pools of Solomon Have Been Unlocked (The Daily Beast).
Analysis of the layers of plaster in the walls of the pools only confirmed this assessment. The Pools were first built by the Romans in the second century. A period of major reinforcement took place in the early middle ages, after an earthquake had rendered them unusable. A restoration and enlargement program, likely conducted under the auspices of Suleiman the Magnificent, took place in the 16th century. A final phase, begun by the British military in the early twentieth century, rounded out the evidence.
I was not aware that there were any current claims that the Pools of Solomon actually went back to the time of Solomon. Such claims do not sound credible. Discussion that I have seen of the site (here and links) dated the Pools to the late Second Temple period, from the Maccabean to the Herodian eras. The current evidence seems to indicate that they were built by the Roman army during the Bar Kokhba Revolt.

I'm not going to go into the political implications, but you can read one take on them in the article.

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Sunday, May 03, 2020

Two paintings of Judith

OLD TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA WATCH: Art history: Two artistic interpretations of Judith killing Holofernes (Regina Haggo, Hamilton Spectator).
One of Gentileschi’s Judith paintings, produced around 1615, was to travel from Italy for the London exhibition. Let’s compare it with one painted in 1596 by Fede Galizia, a Milanese painter. Both women focus on Judith and Abra moments after the decapitation.
The exhibition at the National Museum has, alas, been postponed for obvious reasons. But you can see images of both paintings at the link.

Judith's slaying of Holophernes has long been a popular artistic theme. For more paintings (here, here, and here), as well as opera, modern mosaics, theatre, and intepretive dance, see the links.

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Free Temple Mount articles

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Temple Mount. Library Explorer. This collection of articles from Biblical Archaeology Review is available online for free until 11 May.

Cross-file under Temple Mount Watch.

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Azazel's billy goat

DR. NOGA AYALI-DARSHAN: The Scapegoat Ritual and Its Ancient Near Eastern Parallels (TheTorah.com).
In the scapegoat ritual of Yom Kippur and the bird ritual of the metzora, sin/impurity is transferred onto an animal and it is sent away. These biblical examples have parallels in Eblaite, Hittite, Ugaritic, and Neo-Assyrian apotropaic rituals.
A few PaleoJudaica posts on the possible historical background of Yom Kippur are here, here, and here. For more on the mysterious figure of Azazel, about whom there is a substantial postbiblical tradition, see here.

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Entangled Religions 11.2 (2020)

BIBLIOGRAPHIA IRANICA: Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and Christianity in Contact. A new volume of the open-access, online journal Entangled Religions. Even though it is not mentioned in the volume's title, late-antique Mesopotamian Judaism figures in one of the articles.

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Lee, Moral Transformation in Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind

NEW BOOK FROM MOHR SIEBECK: Max J. Lee. Moral Transformation in Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind. Mapping the Moral Milieu of the Apostle Paul and his Diaspora Jewish Contemporaries 2020. XXXV, 658 pages. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe 515. 139,00 € including VAT sewn paper ISBN 978-3-16-149660-8.
Published in English.
Max J. Lee examines the philosophies of Platonism and Stoicism during the Greco-Roman era and their rivals including Diaspora Judaism and Pauline Christianity on how to transform a person’s character from vice to virtue. He describes each philosophical school’s respective teachings on diverse moral topoi such as emotional control, ethical action and habit, character formation, training, mentorship, and deity.

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Saturday, May 02, 2020

A stone vessel workshop in Galilee (recap)

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Jewish Purification: Stone Vessel Workshop Discovered in Galilee. A 2,000-year-old stone production center points to ritual purity (Robin Ngo).

This essay was published in 2016 just after the discovery of the stone vessel workshop in ‘Einot Amitai near Nazareth in the Galilee. For PaleoJudaica posts on the story, see here and links. I didn't link to the BHS essay at the time, but it has just been re-published, so here it is now.

Another stone workshop from antiquity, also in the Galilee (at Reina), was discovered about a year later. See here and here. And for more generally on stoneworking in Roman antiquity, see here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Gault, Body as Landscape, Love as Intoxication

NEW BOOK FROM SBL PRESS:
Body as Landscape, Love as Intoxication: Conceptual Metaphors in the Song of Songs
Brian P. Gault

ISBN 9781628372472
Status Available
Price: $45.00
Binding Paperback
Publication Date September 2019
Pages 314

Explore metaphors in the exquisite and enigmatic poetry of Song of Songs

One of the chief difficulties in interpreting the Song’s lyrics is the unusual imagery used to depict the lovers’ bodies. Why is the maiden’s hair compared to a flock of goats (4:1), the man’s cheeks likened to garden beds of spice (5:13), and the eyes of both lovers described as doves (4:1; 5:12)? While scholars speculate on the significance of these images, a systematic inquiry into the Song’s body metaphors is curiously absent. Based on insights from cognitive linguistics, this study incorporates biblical and comparative data to uncover the meaning of these metaphors surveying literature in the eastern Mediterranean (and beyond) that shares a similar form (poetry) and theme (love). Gault presents an interpretation of the Song’s body imagery that sheds light on the perception of beauty in Israel and its relationship to surrounding cultures.

Features
  • Exploration of the Song’s use of universal themes and culturally specific variations
  • Discussion of the Song’s literary structure and unity

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Release the four angels of slaughter

READING ACTS: The Sixth Trumpet: An Uncountable Army – Revelation 9:13-21. Phil Long continues his blog series on the seven angels of the Book of Revelation. This post is on the sixth angel and the events of his trumpet.

UPDATE: I have noted the earlier posts in the series here and links.

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Biblical Studies Carnival 170

PETER GOEMAN: Biblical Studies Carnival 170 (April 2020).

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Friday, May 01, 2020

The imperial cult at Herculaneum

OVER AT THE HOLY LAND PHOTOS' BLOG, Carl Rasmussen continues his blog series on the Roman imperial cult and its resonances with the early worship of Jesus.

Emperor Worship at Herculaneum

Emperor Worship at Herculaneum Part 2

I have noted the earlier posts in the series here and here.

Again, the 2016 St. Andrews Symposium on Divine Sonship is of interest for the current posts.

For earlier PaleoJudaica posts on Heculaneum, especially its library of carbonized scrolls, see here and here and follow the many links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Review of Leatherbury, Inscribing faith in late antiquity

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: Inscribing faith in late antiquity: between reading and seeing.
Sean Villareal Leatherbury, Inscribing faith in late antiquity: between reading and seeing. Image, text, and culture in classical antiquity . London; New York: Routledge, 2020. xvii, 366 p., [14 p. of plates]. ISBN 9781472459183 $140.00.

Review by
Michael Hahn, Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Michael.Hahn@dainst.de

Preview

This study by Sean Leatherbury aims to reconstruct the perception and performance of the reader of late antique inscriptions in churches, synagogues and mosques from about 300-800 CE. ...

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Quine, Casting Down the Host of Heaven

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:
Casting Down the Host of Heaven

The Rhetoric of Ritual Failure in the Polemic Against the Host of Heaven


Series: Oudtestamentische Studiën, Old Testament Studies, Volume: 78

Author: Cat Quine

In Casting Down the Host of Heaven Cat Quine analyses the ambiguous nature of the Host and explores the role of ritual in the polemic against their worship. Although commonly assumed to be YHWH’s divine army, the book reveals their non-military and fluid nature. Quine demonstrates that it was the fluidity of the Host and their roles in the divine realm that permitted the creation of wide-ranging polemic against their worship. Her analysis shows that this polemic was expressed in ritual terms which persuaded its audiences, both ancient and modern, of its legitimacy and authority.

Prices from (excl. VAT): €104.00 / $125.00

E-Book
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-42439-5
Publication Date: 23 Mar 2020

Hardback
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-42438-8
Publication Date: 26 Mar 2020

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

The Golden Rule

PROF. JOHN J. COLLINS: Love Your Neighbor: How It Became the Golden Rule (TheTorah.com).
The precept וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ “you shall love your neighbor as yourself” in Leviticus, is one of many action-oriented commandments focused on Israelite social cohesion. Only in Late Antique Jewish and early Christian sources, did the rule take on a transcendent role as the principle in which all of the Torah is encompassed.

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Thursday, April 30, 2020

HSM to HMANE

CHANGE: Harvard Semitic Museum Changes Name To Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East (Oliver L. Riskin-Kutz, The Harvard Crimson).

I will feel nostalgic about the old title, but the rationale for the change makes sense. I wonder what they're going to do about the inscription in the stone lintel.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Free egyptological bibliography

THE NESEA BLOG: ONLINE EGYPTOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY: [TEMPORARY] FREE ACCESS. For you, special deal, but for limited time only. I hope not for long.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Did Peter go to Rome?

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: The Apostle Peter in Rome. Jesus’ chief disciple examined (Nicola Denzey Lewis). Professor Denzey Lewis is skeptical that Peter ever went to Rome. I don't have a strong view either way. One the one hand, the testimonies that he was there don't start until more than a century after the fact. On the other, I don't find the arguments against them particularly persuasive.

Regarding "the lack of references to him in our earliest Roman Christian literature," it is true that Paul's letter to the Romans does not mention Peter. But the Letter of the Romans to the Corinthians (1 Clement), written near the end of the first century CE, refers to the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul in chapters 5-6. It doesn't specify the location of the death of either.

There is a tradition that Paul too was executed in Rome, but like the one about Peter, it is late.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Abaddon

READING ACTS: Who is Abaddon? Revelation 9:11. Phil Long continues his blog series on the seven angels of the Book of Revelation. We are still on the events of the blowing of the fifth angel's trumpet.

I have noted the earlier posts in the series here and links.

For another, later, text on the angel Abbadon, see at the end of this post.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

Herodian-synagogue relocation project at Beit Shemesh

ROADWORKS VS. ARCHAEOLOGY, CONTINUED: Second Temple-era synagogue to be moved stone by stone for highway. Rare Second Temple-era synagogue uncovered near Beit Shemesh will have to be relocated to another area to allow for already approved highway widening (Paul Shindman, World Israel News). If there continues to be money for such things.

HT Joseph Lauer, who writes in his e-mail:
Readers may remember a series of articles beginning in late 2018 about the discovery of a First Temple Period village in the path of the proposed widening of Route 38 near Beit Shemesh, Israel. After much discussion, the width of the road was reduced to allow preservation of the site, with a pedestrian overpass to connect the two parts of the tel. But, as it’s Israel, when the widening began, a Second Temple Period village with a synagogue was discovered. As reported below, the “Second Temple-era synagogue [is] to be moved stone by stone for [the] highway”.
For PaleoJudaica posts on the archaeology of the Route 38 roadworks, start here and follow the links. For earlier, unrelated, posts on the site of Beit Shemesh (Beth Shemesh) see the links here. And for more recent posts, see here and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Lost NTA/OTP manuscript found!

RELIGION PROF: Missing Gospel Found! (Missing Ending Still Missing). James McGrath is excited about the rediscovery of the lost Akhmim Fragment. So am I.

It appears that I once knew that the manuscript had been misplaced, but I had forgotten. (I find that PaleoJudaica is the archive for a good part of my memory.)

The manuscript contains a substantial fragment of the otherwise lost Gospel of Peter, which is important. It also contains a substantial fragment of the Greek version (translated from Aramaic) of 1 Enoch, which is even more exciting to me. The full text of 1 Enoch survives only in a translation in Ethiopic Ge'ez. Some of of the Aramaic original survives among the Dead Sea Scrolls. A fair amount of the Greek translation is preserved, mainly in this manuscript and in Chester Beatty Papyrus XII.

For more on Akhmim manuscript (P.Cairo 10759) and its contents, see here. Cross-file under Old Testament Pseudepigrapha Watch and New Testament Apocrypha Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

A new Sassanian-era inscription

IRANIAN EPIGRAPHY: Sassanid Inscription Unearthed In Ancient Iran Necropolis Being Deciphered (RFE/RL, The Iranian).

A very interesting site:
Naqsh-e Rostam, the site where the inscription was found, was a necropolis and religious center about 12 km northwest of Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire (550-300 BC). However, some of the relics on the cliffs may date as far back as the Pre-Iranian Elamite Period (2700-539 BC).

Four huge tombs from the Achaemenid period, including the tomb of King Darius the Great (550-486 CE) hewn into the cliff face and a square-shaped building made with stone blocks from the Sassanian which may also have had a significance in burial rites are among the most important relics of the necropolis.
And, of course, there are also remains from the Sassanian (Sasanian) era, on which time see here and here.

The inscription is in Pahlavi (Middle Persian), on which more here and here. The article discusses the challenges of deciphering inscriptions in this language. Alas, there is no indication of what the inscription says.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Stinging locusts

READING ACTS: The Fifth Trumpet: Locust from the Abyss – Revelation 9:1-12. Phil Long continues his blog series on the seven angels of the Book of Revelation. This post is on the events of the trumpet of the fifth angel.

I have noted the past posts in the series here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, April 28, 2020

Interview with Vered Noam

TALMUD WATCH: Meet Prof. Noam Vered [sic], the 1st woman to win the Israel Prize for Talmud. As a child I felt that Talmud is a conversation that links people and creates joy and also has something different from everyday life, something higher and beautiful (LINDA GRADSTEIN, Jerusalem Post). Contra the headline (but correct in the article), her name is Vered Noam.

I noted the awarding of the Israel Prize to Professor Noam here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Women at Qumran?

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: No Women at Qumran? Qumran as an Essene scribal center (Marek Dospěl). This essay summarizes an article by Sidnie White Crawford in the current issue of Biblical Archaeology Review. Normally the article would be behind the subscription wall. But in response to the current crisis, BAS has made that issue available online for free. The article is here: Were There Women at Qumran?

Some related PaleoJudaica posts are here, here, here, here, and here. For past posts more generally on the archaeology of Qumran and the relationship of the Essenes to the site, start here and follow the links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Bronze coins from Ptolemy I-IV

THE AWOL BLOG: Numismatic News: Bronze types from Ptolemy I - IV published to PCO.

For more on the coins of the Ptolemaic period, with my commentary on biblical and Second Temple Jewish connections, see here and links. For more on bronze Ptolemaic coins specifically, see here. and for the Ptolemaic Coins Online Project, see here.

Cross-file under Numismatics.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Abysmal

DEEP QUESTION: What is the Abyss in Revelation 9:1? Over at Reading Acts, Phil Long continues his blog series on the seven angels of the Book of Revelation. The fallen star of the fifth angel's trumpet receives the key to the shaft of the bottomless abyss.

I have noted the previous posts in the series here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Monday, April 27, 2020

More from McGrath on Biblical Aramaic

RELIGION PROF: Biblical Aramaic: A Reader and Handbook. James McGrath offers a brief review of this book and asks an interesting question about an Aramaic word in the Gospel of Matthew 5:22.

Background here. I have posts on the book here and here. And for those Aramaic gravestones (there are others), see here.

As for James's question, I have some thoughts.

Mark also quotes Aramaic words attributed to Jesus in 5:41, 7:34, and 15:34 (cf. Matthew 27:46), but in those cases he translates them into Greek.

Matthew does not translate Raka in 5:22, although the next saying does use the near-synonym "fool" (Mōre) in Greek. And it would have been awkward to use the word "fool" twice in the same sentence. Perhaps he positioned the two sayings together to give his Greek readers the sense of the Aramaic word, while keeping the Aramaic, like Mark, for vividness and local color.

But I would not rule out James's idea that Matthew's Greek-speaking readers may have used the Aramaic word raka themselve (as a swear word?). In it's favor is Matthews use of mammon, a (Hebrew/)Aramaic word for "money," untranslated in 6:24 (cf. Luke 16:9, 11, 13). Presumably his readers knew the meaning of the word and maybe they even used it.

Perhaps a closer analogy to James's idea is Paul's use of the Aramaic phrase Marana tha ("our Lord, come!") untranslated in 1 Corinthians 16:22. It looks like Paul and his readers had adopted the Aramaic phrase as a salutation for their own use.

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Double duration of postpartum purification

DR. RABBI ZEV FARBER: Postpartum Impurity: Why Is the Duration Double for a Girl?
Compared to the birth of a son, Leviticus 12 requires a double-period of purification upon the birth of a daughter. Interpreters in antiquity offered two basic models to explain this. The first approach was to utilize biological “knowledge,” the second was to ground the law in the biblical story of Adam and Eve.

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Mary as role-model in Pseudo-Matthew

THE BIBLE AND INTERPRETATION:
The Second Sex in the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew

Mary draws on a biblical tradition of male virgin asceticism that she appropriates for her own womanhood. Her purity, in other words, is based on everyday rituals and the performance of chastity as a defining identity trait throughout the narrative. As she reveals in her own speech, Mary relies on models of previous virgins even as she enacts a new model for others to follow.

See Also: The Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew and the Nativity of Mary, Early Christian Apocrypha 7 (Cascade Books, 2019).

By Brandon W. Hawk
Assistant Professor of English
Rhode Island College
March 2020
I noted the publication of this book here and here. Cross-file under New Testament Apocrypha Watch.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

PhD scholarship at Groningen

THE NESEA BLOG: PHD SCHOLARSHIP IN JEWISH, CHRISTIAN AND ISLAMIC ORIGINS AT GRONINGEN.

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Sunday, April 26, 2020

Is Cave 1 Really Cave 1?

VARIANT READINGS: Qumran Cave 1 Questions, Part 3: Is Cave 1 Really Cave 1? Brent Nongbri continues his series of posts with questions about the Dead Sea Scroll discoveries associated with Qumran Cave One.

I noted the earlier posts in the series here and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Pilate, Jesus, and the imperial cult

THE HOLY LAND PHOTOS' BLOG: One of Pilate’s Coins — Emperor Worship in Judean Territory (Carl Rasmussen).

Background here. Cross-file under Numismatics.

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LXX links

WILLIAM ROSS: LINK ROUNDUP OF SEPTUAGINT NEWS AND RESOURCES IN THE AGE OF COVID-19. Scholarship goes on, even during the pandemic.

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The angel and the abyss

READING ACTS: Who is the Fallen Star in Revelation 9:1? Phil Long continues his series on the seven angels of the Book of Revelation. The star fallen from heaven comes with the blowing of the fifth angel's trumpet.

I have noted earlier posts in the series here and links.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Saturday, April 25, 2020

Krauß et al. (eds.), Material Aspects of Reading in Ancient and Medieval Cultures (Open Access)

NEW BOOK FROM DE GRUYTER:
Material Aspects of Reading in Ancient and Medieval Cultures

Materiality, Presence and Performance


Series: Materiale Textkulturen, Volume: 26
Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Edited by: Anna Krauß, Jonas Leipziger and Friederike Schücking-Jungblut
De Gruyter | 2020

OVERVIEW

Open Access
This publication seeks to endeavour the relationship between material artefacts and reading practices in ancient and medieval cultures.
While the acts of reception of written artefacts in former times are irretrievably lost, some of the involved artefacts are preserved and might comprise hints to the ancient reading practices. In form of case studies, the contributions to this volume examine various forms of written artefacts as to their implications on modes of reading. Analyzing different Qumran scrolls, codices, Tefillin, Mezuzot, magical texts, tablets, bricks, and statues as well as meta-textual and iconographic aspects, the articles inquire the possibilities of how to correlate material aspects to assumed modes of reception and practices of reading. The contributions stem from Egyptology, Papyrology, Qumran Studies, Biblical Studies, Jewish Studies, Ancient Christianity, and Islamic Studies.
In total, this volume contributes to the research on practices of reception in times past and demonstrates the potential hidden in text-bearing artefacts.

OPEN ACCESS
£72.50
Hardcover

Price including VAT

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"Bloods of purity?"

PROF. TAMAR KAMIONKOWSKI: Postpartum “Bloods of Purity” (TheTorah.com).
Mesopotamian gynecological texts and what we know about women’s post-partum flow are helpful in parsing the unusual Hebrew idiom demei tohorah, literally, “bloods of purity,” used in Leviticus 12 to describe the second stage of postpartum bleeding.

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Friday, April 24, 2020

Millar, Genre and Openness in Proverbs 10:1-22:16

NEW BOOK FROM SBL PRESS:
Genre and Openness in Proverbs 10:1-22:16
Suzanna R. Millar

ISBN 9781628372724
Status Available
Price: $39.00
Binding Paperback
Publication Date March 2020

A fruitful reading strategy that reveals expansive meaning in Proverbs

Interpreters often characterize Proverbs 10:1–22:16 as a dead-end of cold, disengaged dogma closed off from the realities of the world. In Genre and Openness in Proverbs 10:1–22:16, Suzanna R. Millar takes a different view, arguing that the didactic proverbs in these chapters are not dull and dry but are filled with poetic complexities open to many possible interpretations and uses. By incorporating paremiology, the technical study of the proverb genre, Millar sheds light on important debates such as character development, kingship, the connection between act and consequence, and the acquisition of wisdom.

Features
  • A clarification of the genre of the sayings in light of modern genre theory
  • A linguistic analysis of how openness is generated in biblical proverbs
  • An examination of the didactic use of proverbs to train the hearer’s mind

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Did the Nazis conceal an ancient synagogue in Spain?

CANDIDA MOSS: Did the Nazis Cover Up a Jewish Discovery in Spain's ‘Oldest Christian Basilica’? The dig at Elche was overseen by Nazi appointed archaeologists and a nationalist Franco supporter, and somehow a menorah discovered in the ancient mosaics went unreported... (The Daily Beast).

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The eagle and the woes

READING ACTS: What are the Three Woes in Revelation 8:13? Phil Long continues his blog series on the seven angels in the Book of Revelation. The eagle with the woes is introduced between the fourth and the fifth angel.

I have noted earlier posts in the series here and links.

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Masada

(VIRTUAL) TRAVEL: Masada – The Fortress Palace (Heritage Daily).

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Thursday, April 23, 2020

Antiquities looting flourishes

UNAPPREHENDED: Antiquities thieves operate with impunity during coronavirus crisis. Grave robbers, treasure hunters take advantage of reduced enforcement to plunder archaeological sites in Judea and Samaria (Arutz Sheva).

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Jesus, Galilee, and the imperial cult

THE HOLY LAND PHOTOS' BLOG: Emperor Worship In “Israel” in Jesus’ Day (Carl Rasmussen).

For my report, with links, on a 2016 symposium in St. Andrews which dealt with related themes, see here.

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The MT and the DSS

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: The Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Should the original Hebrew Bible text be modified based on information obtained from the Dead Sea Scrolls?

A couple of related PaleoJudaica posts are here and here. And for a recent post on the Masoretic Text and the pronunciation of biblical Hebrew, see here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tamer (ed.), Concept of Revelation in Judaism, Christianity and Islam

NEW BOOK FROM DE GRUYTER:
Concept of Revelation in Judaism, Christianity and Islam

Series: Key Concepts in Interreligious Discourses, Volume: 1
Edited by: Georges Tamer
De Gruyter | 2020

OVERVIEW

The idea that God reveals himself to human beings is central in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, but differs in regard of content and conceptualization. The first volume of the new series Key Concepts in Interreligious Discourses points out similarities and differences of "revelation". KCID aims to establish an archeology of religious knowledge in order to create a new conceptual platform of mutual understanding among religious communities.

From £22.50
Price including VAT

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Wednesday, April 22, 2020

The DSS are on lockdown too.

The Dead Sea Scrolls are in self-isolation — but they mean more than ever (Naomi Zeveloff, The Forward).
The Dead Sea Scrolls, which include some of the earliest biblical texts, are considered the most significant archaeological find of the 20th century. [Curator Hagit] Maoz is one of the people charged with their safekeeping. Yet when I asked if the coronavirus had spurred fears over their fate — as her dream seemed to suggest — she brushed my question away. She knows exactly where the museum’s scrolls are: behind five locked doors in a humidity and temperature-controlled vault at the Shrine of the Book. She put them there herself.
Good. I'm glad the scrolls in the Israel Museum are safe.

What about the ones in the Rockefeller Museum? I assume they are locked away too, but I can't find any specific information on its website or elsewhere. Does anyone know anything?

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No 2020 pilgrimage to Ghriba Synagogue, Tunisia

ANOTHER CANCELLATION: Virus nixes Jewish pilgrimage to Tunisia's Ghriba (AFP).

For a report on the annual pilgrimage to Djerba island in 2015, see here. And for more on the ancient Ghriba Synagogue there, see here and links.

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More fighting reported near Palmyra

PALMYRA WATCH: Syria claims that Israeli jets carried out strike near Palmyra (Jewish News Syndicate). My heart goes out to the people of Palmyra, who have seen a great deal of violence in recent years. The reports say that the bombing was "near" Palmyra, aimed at Iranian-backed militia groups and resources. I hope the local residents were spared.

Many other posts on Palmyra, its history, the ancient Aramaic dialect spoken there (Palmyrene), and the city's tragic reversals of fortune, which more recently had been trending for the better, are here and links.

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50 Brown Judaic Studies volumes online

THE AWOL BLOG: Newly Open Access Monograph Series: Brown Judaic Studies. Many of the volumes involve ancient Judaism.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Tuesday, April 21, 2020

Wevers Institute for LXX Studies: online course and YouTube channel

THE JOHN WILLIAMS WEVERS INSTITUTE FOR SEPTUAGINT STUDIES at Trinity Western University now has a YouTube channel. Reader Jean Maurais e-mails:
I was wondering if you could add a mention in your blog of the recent creation of Youtube channel for the Wevers Institute? As a first foray, the institute has posted a video interview of Dirk Büchner concerning his upcoming course which is offered via live-streaming. The course title is Septuagint Approaches and Methods, and is held on May 4-8, 2020. Other details are available in the video description.

The video interview is here: https://youtu.be/giB3jLuWwos

Subscription to the Institute's channel is encouraged for those who would like to be notified of future updates: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcNJsVlhf5SSyuAJgxEF8cw

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Sifting Project virtual exhibition

THE TEMPLE MOUNT SIFTING PROJECT BLOG: CHECK OUT OUR NEW VIRTUAL EXHIBITION. Featuring lots of interesting artifacts from all periods. Go and have a look!

For many, many PaleoJudaica post on the Sifting Project, start here and just follow those links.

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Review of Becker, The Birth of Christian History

ANCIENT JEW REVIEW: Book Note | The Birth of Christian History (Jeremiah Coogan).
Eve-Marie Becker, The Birth of Christian History: Memory and Time from Mark to Luke-Acts. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017.

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On kosher laws

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Making Sense of Kosher Laws.

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Monday, April 20, 2020

Yom HaShoah 2020

ANOTHER APRIL COMMEMORATION UPENDED: Pandemic forces first-ever digital Holocaust Remembrance Day (Michael Blum and Guillaume Lavallee, AFP).

Yom HaShoah, Holocaust Memorial/Remembrance Day) begins tonight at sundown. Past posts involving connections with ancient Judaism are here, here, here, here, here, here, and here.

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Review of Jacobson, Agrippa II: the last of the Herods

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: Agrippa II: the last of the Herods.
David M. Jacobson, Agrippa II: the last of the Herods. Routledge ancient biographies. London; New York: Routledge, 2019. xxviii, 232 p.. ISBN 9781138331815 $112.00.

Review by
Michael Girardin, Université du Littoral – Côte d’Opale. michael.girardin@univ-littoral.fr
The book is in English. The review is in French.

There were a lot of Herods and sorting them out can be confusing. For that, see the link here for a helpful post at the "Is That In The Bible?" Blog.

There were two (Herod?) Agrippas. Agrippa I (see here and links) is best known for being eaten alive by worms (Acts 12).

Agrippa II (see here and here and links) presided over Paul's trial, according to Acts 23-26. He was accompanied by his sister Julia Berenice (see here and links), who was the lover of the Emperor Titus.

There is some doubt about how accurate the Book of Acts is in its depiction of the two Agrippas.

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More on the Holy Fire ceremony

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC: How a sacred flame spreads across the world despite the pandemic ( Kristin Romey). The first surviving mention of the Holy Fire ceremony was in 876 CE.

Also, the article reports that the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Holy Sepulchre) was closed in 1349 when there was an epidemic of the Black Death. That was last time public access was denied for an extended period.

Background here and here.

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LXX monograph series online

THE AWOL BLOG: Open Access Monograph Series: Mitteilungen des Septuaginta-Unternehmens Volumes Online. Free pfds of an important monograph series on the Septuagint. Mostly in German, but a few are in English.

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Sunday, April 19, 2020

Holy fire and VR in Jerusalem

YESTERDAY: Orthodox ceremony of Holy Fire takes place in deserted Jerusalem (Rami Ayyub, Stephen Farrell, Reuters). In 2019 the event was crowded. (See at 2:25 for the appearance of the fire.) In 2020, just a few clerics were there, some wearing face masks. But the annual ceremony did go forward in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Holy Sepulchre).

Background here.

By the way, today is Orthodox Easter, so best wishes to all celebrating.

And if you fancy a visit to Jerusalem from your home: With Jerusalem locked down, holy site pilgrims turn to virtual reality. Convergence of Passover, Easter and Ramadan should have been a boon for the city; now those who wish they could visit can instead turn to an immersive VR tour of the Old City (JUDAH KAUFFMAN, JTS).

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Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum vol. 4

NEW BOOK FROM DE GRUYTER:
Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum

Volume 4


Edited by: Noah Hacham and Tal Ilan
Founded by: Itzhak Fikhman z״l
In collaboration with: Meron M. Piotrkowski and Zsuzsanna Szántó
De Gruyter Oldenbourg | 2020

OVERVIEW

The edition collects and presents all papyri and ostraca from the Ptolemaic period, connected to Jews and Judaism, published since 1957. It is a follow-up to the Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum (= CPJ) of the 1950s and 60s, edited by Victor Tcherikover, which had consisted of three volumes – I devoted to the Ptolemaic period; II to the Early Roman period (until 117 CE); and III to the Late Roman and Byzantine periods. The present book, CPJ vol. IV, is the first in a new trilogy, and is devoted to the Ptolemaic period.

The present and upcoming volumes supplement the original CPJ. They present over 300 papyri that have been published since 1957. They also include papyri in languages other than Greek (Hebrew, Aramaic, Demotic), and literary papyri which had not been included in the old CPJ. Aside from quite a number of papyri in these categories, the present volume (of over 100 documents) includes 21 papyri from Herakleopolis in Middle-Egypt that record the existence of a Jewish self-ruling body – the politeuma. These papyri put an end to a long-standing dispute over whether such a Jewish institution had ever existed in Egypt.

From £118.00 Price including VAT

Hardcover
ISBN: 978-3-11-067450-7
Published: 18 May 2020

PDF
ISBN: 978-3-11-067452-1
Published: 18 May 2020

EPUB
ISBN: 978-3-11-067457-6
Published: 18 May 2020

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For reading Biblical Aramaic and Hebrew

RELIGION PROF: Keep Up Your Biblical Aramaic and/or Hebrew in Two Minutes a Day (James McGrath). Again, I've mentioned these before, but current circumstances merit another mention. That said, you can manage more than two minutes a day on your Hebrew and Aramaic right now, can't you?

I'm fortunate enough to be teaching Biblical Aramaic this semester, now remotely, but uninterrupted. So I'm good.

Related idea here (immediately preceding post).

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Loebolus once again

THE AWOL BLOG: Loebolus: Open Access to all the public domain Loeb Classical Library volumes. I have already mentioned this free online collection a couple of times. But it's worth noting again under current circumstances. How better to spend that extra time than catching up on the Greek and Latin Classics?

Well, I know one way that's just as good. But see the next post for that.

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Saturday, April 18, 2020

More on ancient Nazareth

ARCHAEOLOGY: New archaeological evidence from Nazareth reveals religious and political environment in era of Jesus. Nazareth, once thought to have been a small village, likely to have been a town of around 1,000 people, new evidence suggests (David Keys, The Independent).

I've already noted one article on Ken Dark's new book, Roman-Period and Byzantine Nazareth and Its Hinterland (Routledge, 2020). But this one has additional details, notably on the rather gross contrast between fertilizing practices in Sepphoris vs. Nazareth.

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The Hodayot scrolls and Cave One

VARIANT READINGS: Qumran Cave 1 Questions, Part 2: The Thanksgiving Scrolls. Brent Nongbri has a good question or two about the Hodayot scrolls commonly accepted to have come from Qumran Cave One.

I noted part one of this series here.

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Vocalization and pronunciation of Biblical Hebrew

PROF. GEOFFREY KHAN: How Was the Hebrew of the Bible Originally Pronounced? (TheTorah.com).
Three traditions of pronouncing the Hebrew Bible existed in the first millennium C.E.: Babylonian, Palestinian, and Tiberian, each with its own written vocalization system. From the later Middle Ages on, however, biblical manuscripts have been written almost exclusively with the vowels and cantillation marks of the Tiberian system while paradoxically, the Tiberian pronunciation itself fell into oblivion.
The title of this essay could be clearer. It is really about the pronuciation of the Hebrew Bible in the early Middle Ages (when the vowel points began to be added), perhaps going back to late antiquity.

The original pronunciation of Hebrew in the late Iron Age II (the First Temple Period) is another, even more difficult problem. We have some inscriptions from that period, but they are not vocalized, apart from sparse use of consonantal vowel letters (Matres Lectionis) in the later ones). We have to infer the pronunciation based on them and, mostly, on comparative Semitics and the historical grammar and phonology of Hebrew. Iron Age Hebrew probably sounded quite different from Masoretic Hebrew.

Be that as it may, this is an interesting essay on the first-millennium CE tradition of the vocalization of the Hebrew Bible. It is technical, but illuminating.

Professor Khan mentions his open-access book on the Tiberian tradition of the pronuciation of Biblical Hebrew. I also noted another book he published on the subject in 2012.

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Qimron, The Qumran Texts: Composite Edition

THE AWOL BLOG: The Qumran Texts: Composite Edition.

Elisha Qimron's edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Introduction, notes, etc. in Modern Hebrew. For free online. For you, special deal!

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Friday, April 17, 2020

Al-Aqsa Mosque to stay closed through Ramadan

TEMPLE MOUNT WATCH: Ramadan prayers banned at Jerusalem's al-Aqsa mosque due to virus (Reuters).

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An arrest regarding theft of papyri in Oxford

THE LATEST ON THE MISSING OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI SCANDAL: Oxford professor arrested on suspicion of ancient papyrus theft. Dirk Obbink called claim about bible fragments a ‘malicious attempt’ to harm his career (Vikram Dodd, The Guardian). HT Elijah Hixson at the ETC Blog.

The story was broken by the Oxford student newspaper, The Oxford Blue: EXCLUSIVE: Christ Church professor arrested over scandal of stolen papyrus. HT Brent Nongbri at the Variant Readings Blog.

According to the Oxford Blue article, Professor Obbink was arrested on 2 March. The only source they give is a quotation from the Thames Valley Police which does not mention a name. It does, however, mention the age of the man arrested and it refers to an investigation of "a report of theft of papyrus from the Sackler Library in Oxford." That man was released "under investigation." It is not clear to me whether the Guardian article has any information about the arrest independent of the Oxford Blue article.

I note the story for information. I have no independent knowledge about it. You can decide what to make of it.

Earlier PaleoJudaica posts on this convoluted scandal are here and links.

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Dijkstra (ed.), The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter (60-800 CE)

NEW BOOK FROM BRILL:
The Early Reception and Appropriation of the Apostle Peter (60-800 CE)

The Anchors of the Fisherman


Series: Euhormos: Greco-Roman Studies in Anchoring Innovation, Volume: 1

Editor: Roald Dijkstra

The apostle Peter gradually became one of the most famous figures of the ancient world. His almost undisputed reputation made the disciple an exquisite anchor by which new practices within and outside the Church could be established, including innovations in fields as diverse as architecture, art, cult, epigraphy, liturgy, poetry and politics. This interdisciplinary volume inquires the way in which the figure of Peter functioned as an anchor for various people from different periods and geographical areas. The concept of Anchoring Innovation is used to investigate the history of the reception of the apostle Peter from the first century up to Charlemagne, revealing as much about Peter as about the context in which this reception took place.

Prices from (excl. VAT): €116.00 / $140.00 Hardback

E-Book
Availability: Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-42568-2
Publication Date: 17 Mar 2020

Hardback
Availability: Not Yet Published
ISBN: 978-90-04-42567-5
Publication Date: 26 Mar 2020
Hardback now published.

UPDATE: A reader has pointed out to me that this book can also be downloaded for free as a pdf file. Follow the link above for info.

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The fourth trumpet

READING ACTS: The Fourth Trumpet: Unnatural Darkness – Revelation 8:12. Phil Long continues his blog series on the seven angels of the Book of Revelation and their trumpets. This post deals with the fourth angel and his trumpet.

Notices of earlier posts in the series are here and links.

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Thursday, April 16, 2020

Where did the Genesis Apocryphon come from?

VARIANT READINGS: Qumran Cave 1 Questions, Part 1: The Genesis Apocryphon Roll. Brent Nongbri has continued publishing blog posts on various interesting questions to do with ancient manuscript and their provenances, or lack thereof. I have not kept up with him lately. But this post looks like the first in a new series. I look forward to following it. If I get a chance, I may come back to some of his earlier posts.

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Review of Material approaches to Roman magic (ed. Parker & McKie)

BRYN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: Material approaches to Roman magic: occult objects and supernatural substances.
Adam Parker, Stuart McKie, Material approaches to Roman magic: occult objects and supernatural substances. TRAC Themes in Roman archaeology, 2. Oxford: Oxbow, 2018. 135 p.; 7 p. of plates. ISBN 9781785708817 £40.00.

Review by
Frances McIntosh, Newcastle University. frances.mcintosh@newcastle.ac.uk
The volume includes a chapter on a collection of engraved magical gems from Israel. And in general the work on the material culture of magic in this book sounds important for the study of all brands of ancient magic, including Jewish magic.

Recent related post here.

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The third trumpet

WAITING FOR A STAR TO FALL: The Third Trumpet: Wormwood Falls into the Fresh Water – Revelation 8:10-11. Over at Reading Acts, Phil Long continues his series on the seven angels of the Book of Revelation and their trumpets. This one is on the trumpet of the third angel.

Background here and links.

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Faghfoury (ed), Ancient Iranian Numismatics

BIBLIOGRAPHIA IRANICA: Ancient Iranian Numismatics. Notice of a New Book: Faghfoury, Mostafa (ed.). 2020. Ancient Iranian Numismatics: In Memory of David Sellwood. Irvine: Jordan Center for Persian Studies.

With lots of information about Seleucid, Arcasid, and Sasanian coinage in ancient Iran.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Wednesday, April 15, 2020

Schäfer, Two Gods in Heaven

NEWLY TRANSLATED BOOK FROM PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS: Two Gods in Heaven: Jewish Concepts of God in Antiquity. Peter Schäfer. Translated [from German] by Allison Brown. A book that challenges our most basic assumptions about Judeo-Christian monotheism.

ISBN: 9780691199894
Published: 03/03/2020

Contrary to popular belief, Judaism was not always strictly monotheistic. Two Gods in Heaven reveals the long and little-known history of a second, junior god in Judaism, showing how this idea was embraced by rabbis and Jewish mystics in the early centuries of the common era and casting Judaism’s relationship with Christianity in an entirely different light.

[...]

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A Temple Mount Sifting Project discovery

THE TEMPLE MOUNT SIFTING PROJECT BLOG: PASSOVER UPDATE. The staff are still stifting at an appropriate social distance. And they have found what seems to be a Mishnaic-era clay sealing. It still needs cleaning before it can be fully analyzed.

Background on the Project is here and a great many links (cf. here).

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Safed spells to protect from plagues

APOTROPAIC MAGIC: Prayers, amulets and spells to ward off plagues The sages of Safed created amulets, the Jews of Italy wrote prayers and other Jews warned of less conventional plagues (CHEN MALUL, Jerusalem Post).

The sages of Safed (also spelled Zefat, Szfat, Tzfat and Sfat) flourished in the sixteenth century. Past PaleoJudaica posts on Isaac Luria and Lurianic Kabbalah are here and links.

In Jewish magic, healing spells are common, going back to late antiquity. But I don't know offhand if any include spells to ward off plague.

The Talmudic-era magical handbook Sefer HaRazim has healing rites for individuals; rites for foreknowledge of coming disasters, including abundant death among mortals (presumably plagues); and a spell to protect cities from wild animals and floods. It has nothing specific about protection from plagues.

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Ancient recipes

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Recipes from the BAR Test Kitchen. Ancient dishes from biblical times to cook and enjoy.
Download Recipes from the BAR Test Kitchen and start receiving Bible History Daily — both absolutely free!
For you, special deal!

Cross-file under Culinary Archaeology. Noted earlier here. But if you have extra cooking time now, you may want to revisit.

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Tuesday, April 14, 2020

Shedding light on Isaiah 53:11

THE ETC BLOG: “He will see light” in Isaiah 53:11 (John Meade). A good analysis of the text-critical evidence for a striking and probably original variant found in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Septuagint.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Review of Spittler (ed.), The narrative self in early Christianity

BYRN MAYR CLASSICAL REVIEW: The narrative self in early Christianity: essays in honor of Judith Perkins.
Judith Perkins, Janet E. Spittler, The narrative self in early Christianity: essays in honor of Judith Perkins. Writings from the Greco-Roman world supplement series, 15. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2019. xi, 245 p.. ISBN 9781628372519 $40.00 (pb).

Review by
David Brakke, The Ohio State University. brakke.2@osu.edu
Excerpt:
This collection of twelve essays honors Perkins by exploring the ways that ancient narratives construct identities, develop ideas, and circulate through culture. The essays are framed by an Introduction that discusses the significance of Perkins’s work and by a Bibliography of the honoree’s publications through 2018. With the exception of MacDonald’s chapter on Judith, all the essays focus on early Christian works and traditions. Five of the twelve study or take as their point of departure the Acts of Thomas and its “spin-off,” so to speak, Acts of Thomas and his Wonderworking Skin. Together they validate Perkins’s view that narrative can function in powerful ways to form and disseminate religious selves and concepts.
I didn't know that there was an Acts of Thomas and his Wonderworking Skin.

Cross-file under Old Testament Apocrypha Watch and New Testament Apocrypha Watch.

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The second trumpet

I WAS EXPECTING AN EARTH-SHATTERING KABOOM: The Second Trumpet: A Mountain Thrown Into The Sea – Revelation 8:8-9. Over at the Reading Acts Blog, Phil Long continues his series on the seven angels of the Book of Revelation. This post is on the trumpet of the second angel.

I noted earlier posts in the series here and links.

For many PaleoJudaica posts on the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, see here and links and here.

Visit PaleoJudaica daily for the latest news on ancient Judaism and the biblical world.

Did that Western Wall ceremony violate social distancing rules?

TEMPLE MOUNT WATCH: U.S. Ambassador to Israel Prays at Western Wall in Violation of Coronavirus Guidelines. The prayer in which Ambassador David Friedman took part in included more than ten people. U.S. Embassy says he followed guidelines (Noa Landau and Josh Breiner, Haaretz premium).

The resolution in the photo for the first story I linked to was poor. It was hard to count the number present. But the photo in this article clearly shows more than ten people. If this article's account of the rules is accurate, they are not following the social distancing rules for public prayer. But I don't know how much the Israeli government is enforcing these rules in general.

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Virtual exhibitions revisited

BIBLE HISTORY DAILY: Virtually Explore Holy Land Artifacts.

These look like some good online exhibitions.

I noted this column when it came out a couple of years ago. But BAS has just republished it. Current circumstances make it worth noting again.

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Monday, April 13, 2020

Ben Ezra Synagogue in VR

CAIRO GENIZA WATCH: Ben Ezra synagogue is today’s virtual tour by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Ahram Online).

With a breathtaking lack of common sense, this article neglects to give a link to the announced virtual tour. It took me some searching to find it on the Facebook site of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (scroll down on the timeline to 7 April). The tour seems to be posted on the website of the American Research Center in Egypt, although it displays no obvious link.

But fear not! You can access the virtual tour of the Ben Ezra Synagogue here.

Enjoy this and the many other online virtual tours while you stay home and stay safe.

The Ben Ezra Synagogue in Cairo is famous for its "Cairo Geniza," a repository of a thousand year's worth of worn Jewish manuscripts. The Geniza manuscript fragments are a precious primary source for Jewish history. They are as important for a later period as the Dead Sea Scrolls are for Second Temple Judaism.

For PaleoJudaica posts on the Ben Ezra Synagogue, see here and links. And for many, many posts on the Cairo Geniza and its manuscripts, see here and links and also here and links (cf. here and here).

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On Passover, Zionism, and the Bar Kokhba Revolt

FOR PASSOVER: Passover, Bar Kochba and Zionism (Dr. Tuvia Book, Times of Israel Blogs).
In contrast to the tendency of the rabbinic tradition to gloss over the revolt, early Zionists eagerly seized on the story as proof that Jews, when faced with persecution, were capable of fighting for their dignity and self-respect.
The article does also bring in a Passover connection that isn't too far fetched.

For many, many past posts on Shimon Bar Kokhba and the Bar Kokhba Revolt of 132-135 CE, start here and follow the links. A few more recent posts with related content are here, here, and here. For a famous story about archaeologist Yigael Yadin, Bar Kokhba, and the President of Israel, see here and here.

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A woman on the road to Emmaus?

THE ANXIOUS BENCH: The Missing Woman of Emmaus [Link now fixed!] (Philip Jenkins).
Various moments of the Emmaus story are very frequently represented in art, and most follow this general theme. But here is the thing. The story tells of two people walking along, and then inviting a stranger to come back to the house where they live, and giving him a meal. In the context of the time, is it not very, very likely, to the point of certainty, that such a pair would in fact be a man and a woman, a married couple, who live in their house at Emmaus? Yet in the whole history of art, I know of vanishingly few depictions that actually show such a couple, as opposed to two men.
I looked up the passage in Luke 24 just now in the Revised Standard Version. It translate's Jesus' rebuke to the couple as "O foolish men ..." But the word "men" is not present in the Greek, and the grammar of the verse could refer to two men or to a man and a woman.

I first assumed that this was a holdover from the KJV, but in fact it translates the verse with the same ambiguity as the Greek. So do the NIV and the NRSV.

Belatedly for Easter.

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Disinfecting Egypt's ancient religious sites

PANDEMIC PURGING: Egypt concludes sterilisation of major ancient religious sites. Egypt concluded the sterilisation of historical Islamic, Christian and Jewish religious sites nationwide under its campaign to disinfect all its museums and ancient sites (Ahram online).

But don't visit them yet! For now, stay home and visit the online tours mentioned in the final paragraph. More on those soon.

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Sunday, April 12, 2020

Easter 2020

HAPPY EASTER to all those celebrating. My 2016 Easter post contains links leading to biblical and related passages concerning Easter and to correct information on the origin of the word. And this post gives biblical references for the Passion narrative.

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The Nazareth inscription again

EPIGRAPHY AND MATERIAL CULTURE: Hi-tech test shatters claim ancient inscription is 1st proof of Christianity. Study indicates the marble bearing the ‘Nazareth Inscription,’ a mysterious 1st century text linked by some to Jesus’s resurrection, was quarried in Greece, not the Holy Land (Amanda Borschel-Dan, Times of Israel).

The headline, which I do not blame on the article's author, overstates the case.

The tests establish that the marble of the inscription came from the Greek island of Kos, not from Nazareth. This fails to support the claim that the inscription was produced (on imported stone) and displayed in Nazareth.

But that claim itself is tenuous. It is based on a brief provenance note left by a collector in 1925. In fact it's possible that the inscription is a nineteenth-century forgery. And even if it is genuine and it came from Nazareth, the idea that it reflects a knowledge of Jesus' empty tomb is speculative.

This is a very good article that sums up the latest on the Nazareth Inscription. Background here and links (cf. here).

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Mine blowing!

I WAS EXPECTING AN EARTH-SHATTERING KABOOM. AND I GOT ONE!

A few days ago I noted a report that Qasr al-Yahud, one of the possible sites for the baptism of Jesus, had been fully cleared of landmines. Nearly 500 of them were detonated at once. The mines were placed at the site just after the Six-Day War.

I inquired about video of the detonation event, and alert reader Yehoshua Rabinowitz has supplied me with a link. The Hebrew caption says, "IDF engineering forces detonated no less than 446 mines in the northern Dead Sea."


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Saving the Jewish Chronicle?

APPEAL: Will someone please save the Jewish Chronicle? - opinion. According to its statement, the weekly newspaper ‘will not be able to survive the impact of the current coronavirus epidemic in its current form’. In truth, its problems predate the pandemic (DAVID ISAACSON, Jerusalem Post).

Background here.

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Western Wall priestly blessing downsized

TEMPLE MOUNT WATCH, FOR PASSOVER: Passover blessing at Western Wall downsized due to coronavirus (Reuters). From 100,000 worshippers last year to 10 this year.

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